1. COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
UNDERSTANDING INFECTIOUS DISEASES

2. LEARNING TARGETS
I can describe 6 different types of micro-organisms that cause communicable diseases.
I can describe 4/5 ways in which infectious diseases are spread.
Resource: Text: Ch. 25, pages 628 – 636

3. Big Idea Communicable diseases are transmitted in a variety of ways.
Steps can be taken to prevent infection.

4. Key Concepts: What are microorganisms that cause disease?
How diseases are spread …
Prevention strategies of communicable diseases …
Respiratory infections
Treatment and drugs
Caring for the immune system

5. FORMATIVE QUESTIONS YOU WILL BE ABLE TO ANSWER AT THE END OF THIS UNIT
DEFINE THE WORD COMMUNICABLE
LIST common communicable diseases
………………………………………………………………………….
Compare and Share with your neighbor

6. Formative Questions … continued
Copy these questions in your note book. Leave space to answer each question. 3. How is a virus different from bacteria? 4. How is a common cold different from the flu? 5. What are 3 ways to prevent a respiratory infection? 6. Can hepatitis be treated successfully with antibiotics? Explain.

7. What are microorganisms that cause disease?
Bacteria: made of only a single cell … most are harmless
Helps digest food … good // cause disease … bad
Can produce harmful toxins that cause disease
Interferes with cellular function or kills good cells.
Can be treated with antibiotics.

8. BACTERIA cell structure

9. You Tube What is the Difference between Bacteria and Viruses?
Microbiology Bacteria Structure
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Bacteria comes in 3 basic shapes:
Coccus … round shaped
Bacillus … oblong shaped with a tail … most common … easily binds to other cells
Spiral … ‘S’ -shaped

10. More Bacteria (most common)

11. What are microorganisms that cause disease?
Virus: a piece of genetic material surrounded by a protein (coated)
Cannot reproduce on its own
Must invade a living cell to survive / multiply
Then the immune system begins to fight the virus.
Antibiotics do not work against viruses.

12. Virus Cell Structure

14. Virus
example
structure

15. What is a virus?

16. Ebola virus

17. What are microorganisms that cause disease?
Fungi:
Plant-like organism such as mold … yeast
Cause disease of the: lungs – mucous membranes – skin
Athlete’s foot common example

18. FUNGI CELLS

19. RINGWORM MYTH: ringworm is caused by a worm
What do you think … make a note in your notebook
Then compare and share with a neighbor.

20. FUNGI
FUNGAL INFECTION
FUNGAL INFECTION

21. Fungal Infections
Oral thrush
Ringworm

22. RINGWORM

23. ringworm Fact: It is not caused by any worm A group of fungal cells
It get’s it name from the ring-like pattern it forms on the skin

24. What are microorganisms that cause disease?
Protozoa: larger and more complex than bacteria
Made up of one cell
Malaria example

25. Protozoa Larger and more complex than bacteria Made up of one cell
Malaria example

26. Malaria: mosquito is a vector

27. What are microorganisms that cause disease?
Rickettsias: look very much like bacteria
Enter the body through insect bites
Typhus is an example

28. Complications from rickettsial diseases
Complications are uncommon for most rickettsial diseases, especially if diagnosed early and appropriate treatment initiated promptly. Rickettsialpox is a self-limiting disease and has no complications. Complications that may occur in some rickettsial diseases include:
Bronchopneumonia
Congestive heart failure
Multi-organ failure
Deafness
Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)
Myocarditis (inflammation of heart muscle)
Endocarditis (inflammation of heart lining)
Glomerulonephritis (inflammation of kidney)

29. Rickettsias

30. Prevention Strategies
In your notebook: make a list of ways to avoid getting a communicable disease.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Compare and share your answer with a different neighbor.

31. Check your answers to the last 4 formative questions

32. How is a virus different from bacteria?
A virus is a piece of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat. While bacteria are single celled microorganisms that live almost everywhere on earth.

33. How is a common cold different from the flu?
The symptoms of the flu, which include high fever & fatigue, are more serious than the symptoms of the common cold.

34. What are 3 ways to prevent a respiratory infection?
Avoid close contact with sick people.
Wash your hands often.
Avoid touching your mouth – eyes – nose.

35. Can hepatitis be treated successfully with antibiotics? Explain?
Hepatitis cannot be treated with antibiotics.
Because it is caused by a virus.

37. TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE
PART 2
TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE

38. LEARNING TARGETS
I can describe the ways in which microorganisms are spread / transmitted
Key concepts: Germs / pathogens are so small and cannot be seen unless a microscope is used. Disease may be spread and passed on to others without knowing it.

39. Essential Question:
Why is it important to understand how the immune system works?
Write this question in your notebook & answer it.
… then … compare / share

40. REVIEW Communicable diseases start with germs.
PATHOGEN: is the scientific name for a germ.
A pathogen us a microscopic organism that causes communicable diseases.
Name the 5 pathogens we studied … list them in your notebook.

41. Check your list:
Bacteria
Virus
Fungi
Protozoa
Rickettsias

42. Vocabulary
INFECTION: is a condition that occurs when pathogens enter the body – multiply – damage body cells.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
If the body is not able to fight off infection, DISEASE DEVELOPS.

43. Vocabulary:
TOXIN: a substance that kills cells or interferes with cellular functions. …………………………………………………………………………. ** Like most micro-organisms that enter the body of a healthy individual, bacteria / pathogens are destroyed by the same immune system.

44. Vocabulary:
ANTIBODY: Proteins that act against specific bacteria that produce disease(s).

45. List 5 ways communicable diseases are spread.
Quick Question
In your notebook … CAN YOU … ??
List 5 ways communicable diseases are spread.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Compare / share

46. How Diseases Are Spread: Check your answer
Direct contact
Indirect contact
Vectors
(Impure) Water / food
Airborne transmission
Also, droplet contact

47. DIRECT CONTACT When you touch another: – person – animal – object
Kissing … biting … cough … sneezing … sexual activities … placenta to unborn baby
<> all have saliva / mucus
Puncture wounds (rusty nail)

48. What is transmission by DROPLET CONTACT?
Infected droplets that come in contact with the eyes – nose – mouth
Can be generated by an infected person who coughs / sneezes
Droplets to large to stay airborne … quickly settle out of the air
Generated by certain medical procedures … scopes … must wear protective equipment
The next slide is disgusting … maybe skip it … unless

49.  Droplet transmission
Disgusting 
* Measles – SARS are examples, capable of droplet transmission

50. What is transmission by INDIRECT CONTACT?
Gets infected from a contaminated surface.
Door knobs
Tables – beds – chairs
Computer keyboards– mice – electronic device buttons
Pens – pencils – phones
Children’s toys
{Without being close to an infected person}

51. Sharing electronics / ear buds

52. What is AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION?
Evaporated droplet particles
Dust particles containing microorganisms that can be suspended in the air for long periods of time.
Must be capable of surviving outside of the body for long periods of time.
Must be resistant to drying,

53. Airborne disease examples:
Chicken pox
Tuberculosis
Measles
Influenza
Anthrax (from soil)
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
All do not settle quickly on surfaces
All travel through the air over long distances

54. Airborne diseases
Chicken pox blisters
Measles … rash

55. What is VECTOR (borne) transmission?
Animals capable of transmitting a disease
Flies – mites – ticks – fleas – rats – other wild or tame animals
Most common is the mosquito
Vectors add another dimension … they are mobile … to increase range of disease

56. Tick-borne diseases
Bartonella rash
Lyme disease

57. more on vectors … Biting is NOT the only way to transmit a disease.
Disease may be spread through the feces of a vector.
Microorganisms may be located on the outside of a vector … legs on a fly … and spread through physical contact with food

58. What is fecal – oral transmission?
Organisms that infect the digestive system
Enter body: ingestion of contaminated food or water
Microorganisms multiply & shed from the body in the feces … contaminates water
Fish & shellfish that live in these water may be used as a food source … or under cooked food
Or inadequate hand washing  food handling

60. REVIEW for QUIZ
When you have symptoms … runny nose – fever … you are contagious
Spread by direct or indirect contact
Your body’s first line of defense …
- skin – tears – saliva – mucous membranes
- tissues that line the mouth – throat – nose - eyes
INFECTION: PATHOGENS MULTIPLY …
BODY DEVELOPS A FEVER TO MAKE IT HARD FOR GERMS TO LIVE.

61. Strategies for preventing communicable diseases
Part 3
Strategies for preventing communicable diseases

62. Learning Targets
I can examine ways the body protects itself against invading pathogens.
I can develop strategies for caring for the immune system and preventing disease.
Key concepts: Physical & chemical barriers
– How the immune system is active & passive
– First & second line of defenses
– Prevention strategies

63. PREVENTION Washing hands … most effective strategy
- after handling / cleaning animals
- when someone is ill
2. Handle food properly … wash hands first
- chill food / leftovers quickly
- separate raw meat from other foods
- cook food to proper temperatures
- use paper towels … not dishcloths / sponges

64. Quick Question…
What are other ways the body protects itself against invading pathogens? Put your answer in your notebook Compare / share … next slide … check your answer

65. Vocabulary words / terms
PHYSICAL & CHEMICAL BARRIERS … examples: - physical barriers … skin … outside the body - mucous membrane linings … inside the body [trap invaders … bronchial tubes] THESE ARE THE 1ST LINE OF DEFENSE

66. 2 Lines of Defense: First line of defense … review - skin - mucus
- sweat
- tears
Second line of defense
- inflammatory response
- fever

67. Vocabulary: physical / chemical barriers
FIRST LINE OF DEFENSE, continued
Chemical barriers …
- enzymes in tears – saliva destroy / disable
- cilia … sweep mucus & pathogens to
cough out or swallow
- gastric juice … destroys pathogens that
enter through nose / mouth

68. vocabulary IMMUNE SYSTEM:
is a network of cells – tissues – organs – glands – chemicals that fight off pathogens
Words & terms continue through the presentation.

69. Immune System

70. Inflammatory Response: 2nd Line of Defense
Is a reaction to tissue damage caused by infection / injury. Purpose: is to prevent further injury & stop invading pathogens. = swelling … fluid & cells leak into the area = red … vessels expand for extra blood flow = gastric juices … destroys pathogens that enter through the nose & mouth = pain … due to pressure on nerve endings

71. Infected sore / wound

72. PHAGOCYTES
Are white blood cells that attack invading pathogens. = pus … a collection of dead white blood cells & damaged tissue at site … as a response to bacteria = tissue repair can begin to prevent re-occurring infection

73. ANTIGEN
Is a substance that is capable of triggering an immune response.
= found on the surface of pathogens & in
toxins
= becomes recognized by white blood
cells
(It triggers your immune system to get to work.)

74. IMMUNITY
Is the state of being protected against a particular disease. = coded in the white blood cells

75. LYMPHOCYTE
Is a specialized white blood cell that coordinates & performs many of the functions specific to immunity … 2 types: T cells and B cells = helper T cells trigger the production of ‘B’ cells and killer T cells = killer T cells attack the pathogens only in infected cells = ‘B’ cells produce / release antibodies

76. Review Lymphocytes: T CELL RECOGNIZES A VIRUS
- divide making more T cells to recognize a virus
KILLER T CELLS ATTACK – DESTROY damaged
/ infected cells that contain the viruses
B CELLS MAKE ANTIBODIES…called Helper T cells
- they signal B cells to make antibodies against viruses
ANTIBODIES DESTROY VIRUSES … destroyed by phagocytes

77. ANTIBODY
Is a protein that acts against a specific antigen = attach to foreign antigens to mark them for destruction = some destroy invading pathogens = others block viruses from entering body cells

78. LYMPHOCYTE
B cells
T cells
Provide immunity against ANTIGENS & PATHOGENS … … in body fluids …
ANTIBODIES are produced to attack the pathogen.
Provide a defense against abnormal cells and pathogens INSIDE LIVING CELLS
It can cause organ transplant rejection.

79. LYMPHOCYTE Lymphocytes are produced by LYMPH NODES HEAD NECK ARMPITS
CHEST
ABDOMEN
GROIN

80. CARING FOR YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM
Eat nutrient rich foods
Drink at least 8 glasses of water daily
Get plenty of rest … ave. 9 + hours of sleep
Get at least 1 hour of physical activity daily … helps relieve stress
Avoid sharing personal items … toothbrushes
Avoid tobacco – alcohol – drugs
Avoid sexual contact … some STDs (HIV) destroy immunity

81. VACCINE
Dead or weakened pathogens that are introduced into the body to stimulate an IMMUNE RESPONSE
Artificially acquired ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Causes body to produce antibodies … without getting the disease
Some last a lifetime: polio
Others need to be repeated: flu

82. 2 Kinds of Immunity Passive immunity Natural passive immunity
Injections of antibodies from another person / animal who is immune to the disease … short lived … examples:
Chicken pox
Tetanus
Antibodies pass from mother to child … while pregnant or nursing

83. CAN YOU ANSWER THESE ???
Name a physical barrier that work against pathogens.
WHAT IS A REACTION TO TISSUE DAMAGE CAUSED BY INJURY OR INFECTION?
Immune response
Specific defenses
Immune system
Inflammatory response

84. CAN YOU ANSWER THESE ???
3. IN THE IMMUNE RESPONSE … * lymphocytes invade the body * helper T cells divide to produce plasma * pathogens engulf macrophages * antibodies bind to antigens

85. CAN YOU ANSWER THESE ???
PART OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM’S JOB IS TO “REMEMBER”…
a. the lymph sent through the lymphatic sys.
b. the B cells produced by antibodies
c. the coordinated actions of T cells
d. the antigens it has dealt with in the past

86. CAN YOU ANSWER ??? WHICH IS AN EXAMPLE OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY?
a. immunity produced in a baby by a nursing mother
b. immunity produced by a vaccine.
c. immunity produced in a baby during pregnancy
d. Immunity produced by injection of animal antibodies

87. LET’S DOUBLE CHECK:
WHAT IS A LYMPHOCYTE?

88. ANSWER:
A LYMPHOCYTE IS A SPECIALIZED WHITE BLOOD CELL THAT COORDINATES MANY OF THE FUNCTIONS OF SPECIFIC IMMUNITY.

89. ???
WHAT IS A PHAGOCYTE?

90. ANSWER:
A PHAGOCYTE is a white blood cells that surrounds and destroys a pathogen.

91. OK … last ???
WHICH PROTEIN ACTS AGAINST A SPECIFIC ANTIGEN?

92. ANSWER:
A protein that acts against a specific antigen is a ANTIBODY.

94. Emerging Diseases & Pandemics
PART 4
Emerging Diseases & Pandemics

95. What are emerging infections?
Some communicable diseases that are increasing
They may rise in the near future
Examples that will spread to humans:
Avian influenza … virus lives in the intestines
Spread through chickens – ducks – turkeys
H1N1 virus … combination of human, pig, bird flu viruses … now being spread from human to human

96. Other emerging infections:
Salmonella & E. coli
Recreational water illness
Bacteria that can live in the intestines of animals
Food must be well cooked
Food must be stored at proper temperatures
E. coli or giardia
Infect digestive system
Spread by swallowing or having contact with untreated water
Or water contaminated with sewage from humans or animals
On the rise throughout the world

97. Other emerging infections:
HIV/AIDS
LYME DISEASE
WEST NILE VIRUS
SEVERE ACUTE RESPIRATORY SYMDROME (SARS)
MAD COW DISEASE

98. How diseases affect the world:
PANDEMIC
- diseases can spread faster due to trade and travel
- global outbreak of an infectious disease