1. LATE MODERN ENGLISH 1700 - PRESENT

2. LANGUAGE IS THE MIRROR OF THE EVOLUTION OF HUMAN CIVILISATION Late Modern English ( ± 1700-1900) English in the 20th and 21st c. = Contemporary English ( = Present Day English) Numerous factors in the development of the English language in the 18th & 19th c.: The technological advances = faster travels People start visiting different parts of Britain more often >> the dialects blended

3. LME – GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS The division between BrE and AmE US dictionaries provide deliberately distinct spelling norms to make the US variety more distinguishable Many new words from the British colonies: new concepts, inventions customs and scientific discoveries. The LME grammatical features = 2 types: 1) EME syntactic changes continue: ‘do’ in questions and negatives >> standard; the rules for the use of wh- relatives: who, whom, whose, which >> standardized and more stable 2) totally new 18th-c. aspects: ‘be + -ing’ construction in both Present Continuous tense and in passives. 2 schools of grammar: 1) Grammars only describe the language as actually used >> DESCRIPTIVISM 2) Grammars introduce rules to be obeyed in the ‘correct’ English >> PRESCRIPTIVISM Received Pronunciation (RP) - the standard of pronunciation aimed at by all the contemporary EFL learners RP = a standard for the nobility & the upper-classes in GB from then on. the LME RP phoneme was pronounced in all positions EME loanwords - the Englishmen oppose the influx of French words!!! the major sources of lexis << Latin and Greek = 2/3 LME loanword have either Latin or Greek etymology.

4. LME MAJOR EVENTS #1 1642-60 – THE BOURGEOIS REVOLUTION #2 1689 – WILLIAM OF ORANGE >> the King of England The beginning: the Augustain Age (after the reign Augustus (63 BC - AD 14, a period of peace and imperial grandeur) + the end of the Restoration (1660-1690) The end: the mid-18th c. -the death of the poets Alexander Pope (1688-1744) & Jonathan Swift (1670-1745). -J. Swift = ‘ascertaining’ and ‘fixing’ English to prevent it from future change (Wo)men write English grammars: Bishop Robert Lowth (1710-1787) – his grammar is published in 1762. - 18th c. grammarians >> the codification of English >> an 18th-19th c. prescriptive standard. -Prescriptive writers >> condemnation of ‘incorrect’ usage >> pronouncing dictionaries and rhetorical grammars >> Thomas Sheridan and John Walker.

5. LME GENERAL TENDENCIES – THE AGE OF REASON #1 THE FINAL REMOVAL OF FEUDAL BURDENS #2 PROFOUND CHANGES IN ENGLAND’S CULTURAL LIFE -Esteem for rules & regularity -Disciplining the media of artistic, literary, and linguistic expression -Strict form & classical models in vogue -Language structure to be regularised on the basis of logical standard -Latin grammars = models for English grammar = simplicity & fluency -Standardisation, fixing, & refinement of English - strengthened

6. PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR – ORDER & REGULARITY The 1760’s – a rising interest in English grammar; Latin grammars are ideal models to follow -3 aims of prescriptivists: #1 language codification by reducing it to rules #2 elimination of cases of divided usage #3 error indication & removal from English Prescriptive grammarians’ main goal is to prescribe & proscribe Arbitrary decisions depend on reason, etymology, & classical examples Some eminent prescriptivists: Robert Lowth -1762 – Short Introduction to English Grammar Noah Webster – 1784 – A Grammatical Institute of the English Language Lindley Murray – 1795 – English Grammar

7. SOME PRESCRIPTIVE RULES #1 no prepositions at the end #2 between = 2 people; among = more #3 no double negative #4 no split infinitive

8. LME VOCABULARY The main difference between EME & LME = vocabulary -LME = many more words -2 principal factors: >> 1) the Industrial Revolution and technology >> a need for new words >> 2) the British Empire at its height = 1/4 of the earth's surface >>>> English adopts foreign words from many countries.

9. VARIETIES OF ENGLISH Varieties of English C. 1600 - the English colonization of North America >> the creation of a distinct American variety of English. -Some English pronunciations and words freeze -American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is. -Some "Americanisms“ << original British expressions preserved in the colonies, while temporarily lost in Britain: trash = rubbish, loan = lend, fall = autumn, frame-up >> re-imported into Britain through Hollywood gangster films -Spanish (the American West) also has an influence on American English >> British English: canyon, ranch, stampede and vigilante -West African words (slave trade) -American English is particularly influential today = the USA's dominance in cinema, television, popular music, trade and technology (+ the Internet). -Many other varieties of English around the world: Australian English, New Zealand English, Canadian English, South African English, Indian English and Caribbean English.

10. THE SPREAD OF ENGLISH 1.Spread of the British Empire -worldwide colonies with legacies following. 2. Use of English in Science & Technology -the Computer and IT technology in the last 2 /3 decades. 3. The USA’s global influence -Hollywood -music industry with different genre of music. 4. Spread of English-speaking diaspora from the former colonies >> (India!) -contribution in many fields & in many parts of the world.

11. THE EXPANSION OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE 18th c. – further expansion North America – south-/westward expansion 1790 – English extends from Florida’s border (the south) to the Mississippi (the West) 1803 – Louisiana (beyond the Mississippi) 1713 – Canada >> Nova Scotia 1759 – the Battle of Quebec -Manitoba & Ontario: settlers from the present-day USA India – 1600 – the West India Company -trade & settlement in Madras, Calcutta & Bombay (1639 - 1686) 1761 – India becomes a British colony -the spread of English results from the new political and military situation -English language education 19th c. – English is the well-established official & educational language in India

12. THE FURTHER SPREAD OF ENGLISH 1819 1846-48 1815-1875 1769-77 1795 1899-1902 1819 - Florida 1846 – the US-Canadian border on the 49th parallel 1846-48 – the American-Mexican War: California, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, Nevada, Utah, parts of Colorado 1849 – the Gold Rush in California 1815-1875 – the English-speaking populations grows considerably in Canada (Winnipeg) 1769-77 – Australia & New Zealand 1851 - the Gold Rush in Australia 1795 – Cape Town 1899-1902 – the Boer War 19th c. – British expeditions into West & East Africa The the 18th-19th c. expansions laid fundations for the present global role of English

13. THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH Contacts with other languages: #1 the Indian languages: bungalow, nirvana, polo #2 the American Indian languages: moccasin, squash, moose #3 the African languages >> Dutch & Portuguese: chimpanzee, voodoo, zebra #5 Aborigine: boomerang, kangaroo, wombat

14. THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH – POLITICAL, SOCIAL, SCIENTIFIC & CULTURAL FACTORS SOCIAL & EDUCATIONAL REFORMS -Larger masses participate in the period’s economic & cultural achievements

15. THE FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH Standard English gradually losing its monopoly in various walks of life Influx of substandard forms into the standard SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: the quantum theory, chain reaction, sputnik TRANSPORTATION: horsepower, lorry, starter POLITICS, IDEOLOGY & REVOLUTIONS: abolitionist, civil service, iron curtain CINEMA: scenario, close-up, fade out JOURNALISM: egghead, pacifist, hop the Atlantic WWII: blackout, blitz, task force BRITISH & AMERICAN SLANG: fag, giglamps, lift one’s elbow; plastered, dame, jane