1. Inside the Cell 7.1 What’s Inside the Cell? Prokaryotic Cells Eukaryotic Cells –The Nucleus –Ribosomes –Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum –Golgi Apparatus –Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum –Peroxisomes –Lysosomes –Mitochondria –Chloroplasts –Cytoskeleton –The Cell Wall How Does Cell Structure Correlate with Function? The Dynamic Cell

2. 7.2 The Nuclear Envelope: Transport Into and Out of the Nucleus How Are Molecules Imported into the Nucleus? How Are Molecules Exported from the Cell 7.3 The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Shipping Proteins Entering the Endomembrane System: The Signal Hypothesis Getting from the ER to the Golgi What Happens Inside the Golgi Apparatus? How are Products Shipped from the Golgi?

3. 7.4 The Dynamic Cytoskeleton Actin Filaments Intermediate Filaments Microtubules –Studying Vesicle Transport –Microtubules Act as “Railroad Tracks” –A Motor Protein Generates Motile Forces Cilia and Flagella: Moving the Entire Cell –How Are Cilia and Flagella Constructed? –A Motor Protein in the Axoneme

4. KEY CONCEPTS The structure of cell components is closely correlated with their function. Inside cells, materials are transported to their destinations using molecular “zip codes.” Cells are complex, dynamic ever-changing factories, each with their own particular program that depends on their own genes, surroundings and developmental history.

5. KEY CONCEPTS Cells are dynamic. Thousands of chemical reactions occur each second within cells; molecules constantly enter and exit across the plasma membrane; cell products are shipped along protein fibers; and elements of the cell’s internal skeleton grow and shrink.

6. Prokaryotic Cells Gram positive bacteria: single cell membrane with thick peptidoglycan (Staph; strep) Gram negative bacteria: double cell membrane with single layer of peptidoglycan between (E. coli; Pseudomonas; Vibrio cholera) Archaea: third biological kingdom – adaptations to withstand major stresses of pH and temperature; more like eukaryotes in their informational machinery (ribosomes, RNA synthesis, etc.)

12. Eukaryotic Cells

15. The Nucleus

27. Mitochondria: cellular power plants

28. Chloroplasts, for photosynthesis in plants

29. Plant Cell Walls

30. Cell Structure-Function Relationships

33. The Dynamic Cell Tools for understanding cell components and structure-function relationships: Ultracentrifugation, fluorescent and dye labeling,

38. 7.2 The Nuclear Envelope: Transport Into and Out of the Nucleus

44. 7.3 The Endomembrane System: Manufacturing and Shipping Proteins

50. Entering the Endomembrane System:

52. What happens inside the Golgi apparatus?

54. Summary: Ions, ATP, amino acids, and other small molecules diffuse randomly throughout the cell, but the transport of proteins and other large molecules is tightly regulated and takes energy. Proteins must have the appropriate molecular zip code to enter or leave the nucleus, enter the lumen of the rough ER, or become incorporated into vesicles destined for lysosomes or the plasma membrane. Often, proteins and other types of cargo are shipped in vesicles that contain molecular zip codes on their surface.

55. The Dynamic Cytoskeleton

62. Microtubules

63. Microtubules Act as “Railroad Tracks” for vessicles

65. A protein “motor”, kinesin, generates the motion

67. Cilia and Flagella: Moving the Entire Cell

70. Dynein is a protein motor in the axoneme

72. CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING Each component of the cytoskeleton has a unique structure and set of functions. In addition to providing structural support, actin filaments and microtubules work in conjunction with motor proteins to move the cell or materials inside the cell. Intermediate filaments provide structural support. Most elements of the cytoskeleton are dynamic— they grow and shrink over time. You should be able to predict what will happen when experimental cells are treated with drugs that inhibit formation of each type of cytoskeletal filament.