2. In a Swine Production Setting Courtesy of Food Technology magazine, from "Defending the Food Supply," August 2005, Vol. 59, No.8. Food Technology is a publication of the Institute of Food Technologists, www.ift.org.www.ift.org

3. Is Our Food Safe From Attack?

4. The U.S. government has declared the food and agriculture sector to be one of 17 critical national infrastructures vulnerable to intentional attack.

5. Will this Effect Missouri?  Missouri ranks 2 nd in the nation for number of farms.  7 th in the nation for hogs and pigs

6. “Show Me the Money”  Missouri farms rank 15 th nationally for cash receipts.  Missouri farms have estimated cash receipts of 5.82 billion dollars per year.

7. Case Study: Bitter Harvest  1973 Fire retardant (PBB) accidentally mixed into feed rations for cattle.  Over a year later sickness in animals, and humans is linked to PBBs.  Cattle, pigs, sheep, chickens, and contaminated commodities are destroyed and buried.  97% of humans living in Michigan during that time have PBBs in their system.

8. What Type of Harm Could Occur? Intentional delivery of a harmful biological or chemical agent to the food supply system could cause:  Physical harm (illness or mortality)  Economic disruption  Direct  Indirect  International  Political unrest  Psychological harm – loss of confidence in food supply

9. Case Study: Melamine  Contaminated Wheat Gluten → pet food.  Cats and dogs fall ill and some die.  Massive recall of pet food  Contamination was intentional.  Waste pet food fed to hogs in 7 states  56,000 hogs quarantined

10. -Farrow to Finish Operation

11. -Feeder Pig Operation

12. Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation CAFO

13. -Boar Semen Artificial Insemination (AI) is an important part of the swine industry. It is also an area that is vulnerable to contamination.

14. -Supply Chain

15. -Feed Mill

16. -Transportation

17. -Buying Station

18. Food Defense focuses on security, protecting the food supply from intentional contamination. Courtesy of Food Technology magazine, from "Defending the Food Supply," August 2005, Vol. 59, No.8. Food Technology is a publication of the Institute of Food Technologists, www.ift.org. www.ift.org

19. Is Food Defense Different than Biosecurity?  Food Defense focuses on protecting the food supply from intentional contamination. unintentional  Biosecurity and Food Safety (HACCP) focus on protecting the food supply from unintentional contamination. They help with, but are not a substitute for food defense.

20. Who Might Intentionally Contaminate an Animal Production Facility?  Disgruntled employee/former employee  Contract or temporary employee  Members of terrorist or extremist groups  Truck driver  Affiliate of a competing facility  Visitor to facility

21. Potential Contaminants  Biological Agents: Injure by causing disease, or producing toxin.  Chemical Agents: Injure through toxicity to biological systems, or chemical burns to tissue.  Radiological Agents: Injure externally with radiation burns and potentially deadly acute radiation sickness. Injure internally by causing damage to internal organs.

22. Biological Agents of Concern in a Swine Production Facility  Diseases  Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS)  Foreign Animal Disease (FAD)  Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)  Classical Swine Fever (Hog Cholera)  Zoonotic Disease  Pseudorabies  Swine Vesicular Disease (SVD)

23. Case Study: This Little Piggy  1998, Malaysia cases of pigs dying were not immediately recognized as outbreak  Oct. 1998 Pig farm workers suffer possible encephalitis epidemic(265 cases, 105 deaths)  Identified as new virus now called Nipah  Over a million pigs from nearly 1,000 farms were destroyed.  Pig production is reduced from 2.4 million to 1.32 million, and farms from 1885 to 829.

24. Chemical Agents  Any Chemical not approved for use on the animals, or in their feed would be considered a contaminant.  Chemical agents used in acts of terrorism against livestock include:  Arsenic  Cyanide salt  Pesticides

25. Radiological Agents Livestock can be exposed to radiation via inhalation, ingestion of contaminated feed, or direct exposure.  Polonium 210  Plutonium  Uranium (U-235 or U-238)  Iodine 131 (I-131)

26. What Makes an Attractive Agent of Intentional Contamination?  Long incubation period/delayed effect  Highly effective  History of use  Available (easily produced in adequate quantity)  Low traceability

27. Following several major food recalls in the US, consumer surveys were conducted. Courtesy of Food Technology magazine, from "Defending the Food Supply," August 2005, Vol. 59, No.8. Food Technology is a publication of the Institute of Food Technologists, www.ift.org. www.ift.org

28. Consumer Confidence in Food Defense Systems After National Food Recalls Stinson et al., 2008

29. Who Do Consumers Believe is Responsible for Food Defense? Stinson et al., 2008

30. Products That Consumers Believe Most Likely to be Intentionally Contaminated Stinson et al., 2008

31. Who do Consumers Believe Should Pay for Food Defense? Stinson et al., 2008

32. Defense plans are encouraged but not required for farms and most food establishments. Courtesy of Food Technology magazine, from "Defending the Food Supply," August 2005, Vol. 59, No.8. Food Technology is a publication of the Institute of Food Technologists, www.ift.org.www.ift.org

33. Facilities Currently Required to Participate in Food Defense All vendors providing food for USDA feeding programs must now be in compliance with the Food Defense System.

34. Four Steps for Developing a Food Defense Plan  Assess the vulnerabilities  Write a plan  Evaluate the plan  Maintain the plan

35. Assess the vulnerabilities  Gather a team of key personnel to make the assessment.  Think like someone who wants to harm your operation.  Look for areas where contamination would be spread through normal operations.  Look for sensitive areas that are not frequently observed.

36. Swine Operation Vulnerability Assessment

37. Countermeasures are actions taken to shield vulnerable areas, reducing the risk of intentional contamination.

38. Areas to Consider for Countermeasure Development Procedures Facility Technology Personnel

39.  Workforce  Shipping and Receiving  Visitors and Customers  Marketing Countermeasures for Procedures

40.  Light it  Lock it  Limit Access Countermeasures for Facility

41. Write the Plan  Develop a countermeasure to defend each vulnerable point identified as high risk.  Create a written plan including those countermeasures that are reasonable for the situation.  Identify the individual who will implement the countermeasure.  Set a timeline to implement the countermeasure.

42. Swine Operation Food Defense Plan

43. Should such an event occur a timely and efficient response will be critical to minimizing the damage.

44. Develop a Written Response Plan  Plan for handling of contaminated animals  Emergency Planning  Facility Map  Emergency Contact Phone List  Visitor Log  Supplier/Customer Contacts  Employee Emergency Information

45. Swine Operation Containment and Disposal Plan

46. Handling of Contaminated Animals  First hold all potentially contaminated animals  Potentially contaminated animals will need to be quarantined prior to euthanasia.  Quarantine will need to be separate from non contaminated animals.  Prepare a plan for carcass disposal, to be reviewed by APHIS and state authorities in case of an intentional contamination.

47. Facility Map  Name, address, and phone of owner/proprietor  Relationship of the facility to adjacent properties and/or structures.  Road access including transportation routes  Perimeter boundaries, include fences, and gates (with dimensions)

48. Facility Map continued  Buildings, outbuildings, doors, windows, AC/heating, ventilation  Utilities (water, gas, electric, phones) location and shutoff  Septic System and drainage areas with direction of flow  Web sites such as Google Earth www.earth.google.com

49. AC Water access

50. Swine Operation Emergency Phone List

51. Swine Operation Employee Emergency Contacts

52. Evaluate the plan  Check the perimeter regularly.  Make unannounced entrances at various times.  Check locks in vulnerable areas.  Perform a mock quarantine.

53. Maintain the plan  Ensure that measures implemented continue to be effective.  Train the family/employees regarding their effort in:  Prevention  Detection  Response  Re-evaluate the plan annually or as operations or facilities change.

54. References  www.aphis.gov www.aphis.gov  www.animalagriculture.org www.a  www.porkscience.org www.p