1. Anita Sego
Spring, 2005

2. Chapter Objectives
Explain the difference between communicable and noncommunicable diseases and between acute and chronic diseases.
Describe and explain communicable and multicausation disease models.
Explain why noncommunicable diseases are a community health concern and provide some examples of communicable and provide some examples of important noncommunicable diseases

3. Chapter Objectives
Explain how communicable diseases are transmitted in a community using the “chain of infection” model and use a specific communicable disease to illustrate your explanation.
Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention of disease.

4. Chapter Objectives
List and explain the various criteria that communities might use in order to prioritize their health problems in preparation for the allocation of prevention and control resources
List and discuss the measures for preventing and controlling the spread of communicable diseases in a community.

5. Chapter Objectives
List and discuss approaches to non-communicable disease control in a community.
Define and explain the purpose and importance of health screenings.
Outline a chronic, noncommunicable disease control program that includes primary, secondary, and tertiary disease prevention components.

6. Classification of Diseases & Health Problems
4 Classification Schemes
Organ or Organ System
i.e., heart disease, kidney disease, respiratory infection
Causative Agent
Biological Agents
Chemical Agents
Physical Agents

7. Causative Agents for Diseases & Injuries
Biological
Agents
Chemical
Agents
Physical
Agents
Viruses
Rickettsiae
Bacteria
Fungi
Protozoa
Metazoa
Pesticides
Food additives
Pharmacologics
Industrial chemicals
Air pollutants
Cigarette smoke
Heat
Light
Radiation
Noise
Vibration
Speeding
objects

8. Classification of Diseases & Health Problems
Organ or Organ System
i.e., heart disease, kidney disease, respiratory infection
Causative Agent
Biological Agents
Chemical Agents
Physical Agents
Communicable vs Non communicable
Acute vs Chronic
Peak symptoms within 3 months (acute) or longer than 3 months (chronic)

9. Types of Diseases Examples
Acute Diseases
Communicable
Noncommunicable
Chronic Diseases
Common cold, pneumonia,
mumps, measles, pertussis,
typhoid fever, cholera
Appendicitis, poisoning, trauma
Tuberculosis, AIDS, Lyme disease,
syphilis, rheumatic fever
Diabetes, coronary heart disease,
osteoarthritis, cirrhosis of the liver

10. Communicable Disease Model
Triangle
Epidemiologic
Model

11. Communicable Disease Model
Agent
- the element that
must be present in order
for the diseases to occur.

12. Communicable Disease Model
Host
- any susceptible
organism invaded
by an infectious agent
Agent

13. Communicable Disease Model
Host
Agent
Environment
- all
other factors that inhibit
or promote disease
transmission.

14. Chain of Infection A model to conceptualize the transmission of a
communicable disease from its source to a susceptible hose

15. Chain of Infection
Pathogen
- is the disease causing agent

16. Chain of Infection Pathogen Reservoir
is the habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives & grows
Human: symptomatic or asymptomatic
Animal: called zoonoses
Environmental: plants, soil, and water

17. Chain of Infection Portal Pathogen of exit Reservoir
is the path by which an agent leaves the source host

18. Chain of Infection - how pathogens Portal are passed Pathogen Trans-
of exit
Pathogen
Trans-
mission
Reservoir
Modes of Transmission
Direct
- Direct contact
- Droplet spread
Indirect
- Airborne
- Vehicleborne
- Vectorborne

19. Chain of Infection Portal of exit Pathogen Portal of entry Trans-
mission
Reservoir
- agent enters
susceptible host
Respiratory
Oral
Skin
Intravenous
Gastrointestinal

20. Chain of Infection Portal of exit Pathogen Portal of entry New Host
Trans-
mission
Reservoir
- Final link is
a susceptible host

21. Noncommunicable Disease Model
Your genetic
endowment

22. Noncommunicable Disease Model
Personality
Beliefs
Your genetic
endowment
Behavioral
choices

23. Noncommunicable Disease Model
Environment
Health Care
System
Personality
Beliefs
Economics
Your genetic
endowment
Water Quality
Behavioral
choices
Air
Pollution

24. Prioritizing Prevention & Control Efforts
Leading Causes of Death
Years of Potential Life Lost
Economic Cost to Society

25. Prioritizing Prevention and Control Efforts
Leading Causes of Death
Years of Potential Life Lost
Economic Cost to Society

26. Prevention, Intervention, Control, and Eradication of Diseases
primary
secondary
tertiary
Intervention
which is defined as taking of action during an event
Control
general term used in the containment of disease
Eradication
total elimination of the disease

27. Levels of Prevention Primary Prevention Secondary Prevention
is the forestalling of the onset of illness or injury during the pre-pathogenesis period (before the disease process begins)
Secondary Prevention
is the early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe
Tertiary Prevention
is to retrain, reeducate, and rehabilitate the patient who has already incurred disability

28. Chapter 4 Epidemiology: Prevention and Control of Diseases
and Health Conditions