England’s New World Experiments 1607‒1732

England’s New World Experiments 1607‒1732

England’s New World Experiments, 1607‒1732
Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America Why did the Chesapeake colonies not prosper during the earliest years of their settlement? A “New” England in America How did differences in religion affect the founding of the New England colonies? 2.1 2.2

England’s New World Experiments, 1607‒1732
Diversity in the Middle Colonies How did ethnic diversity shape the development of the Middle Colonies? Planting the Southern Colonies How was the founding of the Carolinas different from the founding of Georgia? 2.3 2.4

Video Series: Key Topics in U.S. History
Beginnings of English Colonial Societies: 1607‒1660 The Chesapeake New England Jamestown Home

Profit and Piety: Competing Visions for English Settlement
Native American attacks on settlements showed disunity Seen differently by Chesapeake and Puritan leaders Causes of competition and diversity Different types of settlers Lecture Outline: Native American attacks on settlements showed disunity Seen differently by Chesapeake and Puritan leaders Winthrop – attacks on Chesapeake God’s punishment Berkeley – attacks on Puritans God’s attempt to destroy King’s enemies Outlawed export of food to help victims Causes of competition and diversity Different types of settlers Reasons for settling Economic Political Religious Home

Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America
The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth Entrepreneurs in Virginia Threat of Anarchy Tobacco Saves Virginia Time of Reckoning Maryland: A Catholic Refuge Learning Objective: Why did the Chesapeake colonies not prosper during the earliest years of their settlement? Home

Different motives for immigration Religious Economic Personal England in turmoil Lecture Outline: Different motives for immigration Religious Practice religion in format of own choosing Economic Dream to own land Improve social position Personal Escape bad marriages, jail terms, or lifelong poverty England in turmoil Sometimes violent controversies Political Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

The Chesapeake: Dreams of Wealth
04/06/98 Richard Hakluyt Colonies make great profit for investors Free England from dependence on rival powers for valuable commodities Anti-Catholicism prompted English people to challenge Spanish claims in New World Patriotic Lecture Outline: Richard Hakluyt Colonies make great profit for investors Free England from dependence on rival powers for valuable commodities Anti-Catholicism prompted English people to challenge Spanish claims in New World Patriotic Hatred of Spain was strong Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America 2 2 2 2

Entrepreneurs in Virginia
04/06/98 Joint-stock company Reduced risk for individuals by sharing costs Virginia Company 1606 – King James issued first Virginia charter Jamestown settled in 1607 Search for instant wealth Disease and starvation Lecture Outline: Joint-stock company Reduced risk for individuals by sharing costs Virginia Company 1606 – King James issued first Virginia charter Generous but vague boundaries Set sail in December 1606 on three ships Supposed to establish outpost 100 miles up a large navigable river Jamestown settled in 1607 Location in a swamp, unhealthy area 30 miles from mouth of James River Drinking water contaminated with salt Location could prevent surprise attack by Spaniards or Native Americans Search for instant wealth Lured by tales of Spanish wealth Did not cooperate for common good of community Did not want to guard or farm Searched for gold Would not take orders Disease and starvation Key Terms: Joint-stock company: Business enterprise that enabled investors to pool money for commerce and funding for colonies. Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America 3 3 3 3

Threat of Anarchy 04/06/98 John Smith imposed order Background Leadership role Seized control of ruling council London Company reorganized Had received no returns on investment new charter Lecture Outline: John Smith imposed order Background Traveled throughout Europe Fought with Hungarian army against Turks Leadership role Traded with local Indians for food Mapped the Chesapeake Bay Pocahontas connection Truly rescued or not? Seized control of ruling council Tough military discipline Forced work led to resentment Colony survived London Company reorganized Had received no returns on investment new charter Reorganized government under company control Opened joint-stock company to general public Publicity campaign - pamphlets and sermons Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America 4 4 4 4

Threat of Anarchy (continued)
04/06/98 Continued failure for Virginia Company New settlers and supplies run aground 1609‒ the “starving time” Conflict with Powhatan By 1616, still no profit for investors Lecture Outline: Continued failure for Virginia Company New settlers and supplies run aground Bermuda Idea for Shakespeare play - The Tempest 1609‒ the “starving time” Lack of capable leadership and lack of food Cannibalism Ended by arrival of Lord De La Warr Fresh settlers and martial law New male and female servants employed by Company Conflict with Powhatan One of most powerful eastern tribes Loose association of around 30 tribes, 14,000 people Contributed to “starving time” Attempted to drive out Europeans Had become clear two groups had different beliefs about labor, property, and the environment 1622 and 1644 Failed both times 1644 attempt – destroyed Powhatan empire By 1616, still no profit for investors Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America 4 4 4 4

Tobacco Saves Virginia
04/06/98 John Rolfe introduced tobacco Milder than grown in West Indies Profitable Reforms of Edwin Sandys House of Burgesses Headright system Urged diversification of economy Lecture Outline: John Rolfe introduced tobacco Milder than grown in West Indies More appealing to European smokers King James I initially saw smoking as immoral and unhealthy Changed mind when duties on imports grew Profitable Easy to grow Settlers eager to work Reforms of Edwin Sandys House of Burgesses Ousted Sir Thomas Smith and friends Instituted for Virginia self-government Headright system 50-acre lot granted to each colonist who paid his own transportation, or for each servant brought into the colony Allowed development of huge estates Urged diversification of economy Lottery system to finance project Sent many people to Jamestown Skilled artisans Ordinary men and women Key Terms: House of Burgesses: The elective representative assembly in colonial Virginia. headright: System of land distribution in which settlers were granted a 50-acre plot of land from the colonial government for each servant or dependent that they transported to the New World. It encouraged the recruitment of a large servile labor force. Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America 4 4 4 4

Time of Reckoning 04/06/98 Population did not increase Imbalanced sex ratio Contagious disease killed settlers Indentured servants Corrupted system Treated poorly Who to blame? Virginia Company Lecture Outline: Population did not increase Imbalanced sex ratio 3,570 colonists to Virginia, 1619–1622 Seldom arrived as families Indentured servants Men outnumbered women 6:1 after 1619 Planters wanted men as agricultural labor Contagious disease killed settlers 1618: Virginia population numbered 700 1618–1622: 3,500 immigrated 1622: Virginia population numbered 1,240 Corrupted system Headrights given to planter who paid for transportation Promised land but often cheated Treated poorly Legally considered property Could be traded or gambled away Who to blame? Virginia Company Mismanagement Dissolved by King James I in 1624 Virginia became royal colony Key Terms: indentured servants: Persons who agreed to serve a master for a set number of years in exchange for the cost of transport to America. Indentured servitude was the dominant form of labor in the Chesapeake colonies before slavery. Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America 4 4 4 4

Maryland: A Catholic Refuge
04/06/98 Catholic beginnings Sir George Calvert – Lord Baltimore Created sanctuary for English Catholics Set up aristocracy social system Ruling class Not successful Protestants seized control in 1655 “Act concerning Religion” Did not tolerate Catholics Lecture Outline: Catholic beginnings Sir George Calvert – Lord Baltimore King’s secretary of state Catholic in anti-Catholic society Forced to resign 1632 – son given land grant by Charles I Proprietor colony Almost royal powers Oath of allegiance to Lord Baltimore Lord Baltimore owned almost six million acres Created sanctuary for English Catholics Set up aristocracy social system Ruling class Purchased 6,000 or more acres Not successful Wealthy Catholics unwilling to relocate in America Standard of living much lower than in England Two-room houses common for planters Conditions seen by poorer classes in England Common settlers demanded greater voice in Maryland government Elected assembly did not follow Baltimore’s rules Protestants seized control in 1655 “Act concerning Religion” Meant to placate Protestants Did not heal religious divisions Repealed when Protestants seized power Did not tolerate Catholics English Civil War in the 1640s Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America 4 4 4 4

Lecture Outline: Image: Map 2.1 Chesapeake Colonies, The many deep rivers flowing into the Chesapeake Bay provided English planters with a convenient transportation system, linking them directly by sea to European markets. Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

Discussion Question Why did the Chesapeake colonies not prosper during the earliest years of settlement? Lecture Outline: In 1607, the Virginia Company established Jamestown as a profit-making venture. Early settlers relied on tobacco as a profitable cash crop. Sir George Calvert founded Maryland in 1634 as a sanctuary for Catholics. Both colonies depended on the labor of indentured servants, predominately single young men. Disease, oppression, and warfare contributed to social instability. Breaking Away: Decisions to Move to America

A “New” England in America
The Puritan Migration to Massachusetts “A City on a Hill” Competing Truths in New England Mobility and Division Learning Objective: How did differences in religion affect the founding of the New England colonies? Home

Pilgrims Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England 1620 ‒ Plymouth founded Mayflower Compact William Bradford and Squanto 1691 – absorbed into Massachusetts Bay Lecture Outline: Pilgrims Separatists who refused to worship in the Church of England Too many Catholic elements in worship Fled to Holland to escape persecution In England, all citizens required to attend Anglican services Worried that children were becoming too Dutch, once in Holland 1620 ‒ Plymouth founded Mayflower Compact Landed in wrong area so patent to settle was invalid Agreed to joint together to form civil government William Bradford and Squanto Ensured colony survived Bradford became governor Squanto taught Pilgrims about hunting and agriculture 1691 ‒ absorbed into Massachusetts Bay Key Terms: Mayflower Compact: Agreement among the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower in 1620 to create a civil government at Plymouth Colony. A “New” England in America

The Puritan Migration to Massachusetts
Puritans Worked within the Church of England Wanted to eliminate remaining vestiges of Catholicism John Winthrop Future governor Felt time for reform running out Lecture Outline: Puritans Worked within the Church of England Wanted to eliminate remaining vestiges of Catholicism Puritans saw Stuarts as unconcerned with needed church reforms John Winthrop Future governor Felt time for reform running out Key Terms: Puritans: Members of a reformed Protestant sect in Europe and America that insisted on removing all vestiges of Catholicism from religious practice. A “New” England in America

How Did English Colonization Transform Eastern North America?
Where did English settlers expand—and Native Americans suffer territorial losses—in North American during this period? In what ways did English expansion face competition form its European rivals? How did the Iroquois Confederacy change over this time? A “New” England in America

Lecture Outline: Image: The Jethro Coffin House, a saltbox house built in 1686, is the oldest surviving structure in Nantucket, Massachusetts. A “New” England in America

“A City on a Hill” 04/06/98 Puritans settled in Massachusetts Great Migration – 1630s Characteristics of settlers Common sense of purpose Covenant with God Congregationalism Town was center of Puritan life Lecture Outline: Puritans settled in Massachusetts Great Migration – 1630s More than 16,000 Puritan settlers Characteristics of settlers Settlers usually came as family units Balanced sex ratio High life expectancy rate Clean drinking water Healthy climate Common sense of purpose Covenant with God Live according to scripture Reform the church “City on a Hill” Beacon of righteousness for the Christian world Success if follow covenant Congregationalism Form of church government Church attendance required Membership not automatic Public confession, execution of criminals Government by elected representatives responsible to God All adult male church members could vote Ministers had no formal role and were prohibited from holding office Town was center of Puritan life Meetinghouse Religious services and town meetings Key Terms: Great Migration: Migration of 16,000 Puritans from England to the Massachusetts Bay Colony during the 1630s. A “New” England in America 5 5 5 5

Link to MyHistoryLab asset: Read the Document, “John Winthrop, ‘A Model of Christian Charity’ (1630)” Lecture Outline: Image: John Winthrop - Voters in Massachusetts who were called “freemen” reelected John Winthrop governor many times, an indication of his success in translating Puritan values into practical policies. A “New” England in America

Lecture Outline: Image: Old Ship Meetinghouse - This early Puritan meetinghouse in Hingham, Massachusetts, was called the Old Ship Meetinghouse because its interior design resembled the hull of a ship. The oldest surviving wooden church in the United States, it could accommodate about 700 people. A “New” England in America

Competing Truths in New England
04/06/98 General Court Colonial legislature Lawes and Liberties Puritans lacked religious toleration Supported own form of worship only Roger William - extreme separatism Anne Hutchinson - antinomianism Lecture Outline: General Court Colonial legislature Lawes and Liberties Codified rights and responsibilities of citizens Engendered public trust in government Kept magistrates from arbitrary rule Puritans lacked religious toleration Supported own form of worship only Roger William - extreme separatism Questioned validity of colony’s charter Advocated toleration of religious beliefs Expelled to Rhode Island, 1636 Anne Hutchinson - antinomianism Claimed direct divine inspiration by the Holy Spirit Suggested Puritan ministers were no better than those from Church of England Called the established church into question Challenged accepted behavior of women Banished to Rhode Island in 1637 Key Terms: antinomianism: Religious belief rejecting traditional moral law as unnecessary for Christians who possess saving grace and affirming that a person could experience divine revelation and salvation without the assistance of formally trained clergy. A “New” England in America 5 5 5 5

Mobility and Division 04/06/98 New Hampshire Separated from Massachusetts Bay Connecticut Early settlements Thomas Hooker Fundamental Orders king granted a charter Lecture Outline: New Hampshire Separated from Massachusetts Bay Economically dependent on Massachusetts Connecticut Early settlements Fertile lands Hartford, Windsor, Wethersfield Recreated society like Bay Colony Thomas Hooker Prominent minister Helped define church policy Fundamental Orders Blueprint for civil government king granted a charter A “New” England in America 7 7 7 7

Mobility and Division (continued)
04/06/98 New Haven Led by Theophilus Eaton and Reverend John Davenport Did not prosper - absorbed by Connecticut Rhode Island Roger Williams - Providence Toleration, but much infighting king granted a charter Lecture Outline: New Haven Led by Theophilus Eaton and Reverend John Davenport Wanted a closer relationship between Church and state Did not prosper - absorbed by Connecticut Rhode Island Roger Williams - Providence Accepted dissenters from Massachusetts Anne Hutchinson - Portsmouth Toleration, but much infighting Fought over land Schemed with speculators to divide colony king granted a charter A “New” England in America 7 7 7 7

Lecture Outline: Image: Map 2.2 New England Colonies, The early settlers quickly up New England. New Haven briefly flourished as a separate colony before being taken over by Connecticut in Long Island later became part of New York; Massachusetts absorbed Plymouth; and in 1677, New Hampshire became a separate colony. A “New” England in America

Discussion Question What role did differences in religion play in the founding of the New England colonies? Lecture Outline: Religious persecution drove thousands of Puritans to New England. John Winthrop hoped the settlers would reform English Protestantism and create a “City on a Hill.” The Puritans did not welcome dissent. They exiled Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson to Rhode Island for their religious beliefs. Stable nuclear families and good health helped Puritans to avoid the social turmoil that plagued the Chesapeake colonies. A “New” England in America

Diversity in the Middle Colonies
Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson Confusion in New Jersey Quakers in America Penn’s “Holy Experiment Learning Objective: How did ethnic diversity shape the development of the Middle Colonies? Home

04/06/98 Middle colonies settled for different reasons New York – economic for Duke of York Pennsylvania – Quaker sanctuary New Jersey and Delaware Common characteristics Heterogeneous population Diversity impacted institutions Lecture Outline: Middle colonies settled for different reasons New York – economic for Duke of York Pennsylvania – Quaker sanctuary New Jersey and Delaware Common characteristics Heterogeneous population Different ethnic and religious backgrounds Diversity impacted institutions Economic, political, and ecclesiastical Diversity in the Middle Colonies 12 13 13 13

Anglo-Dutch Rivalry on the Hudson
Dutch most aggressive European traders Largest merchant fleet Rivalry with Spain led to New World interest New Netherlands Two settlements First settlers were employees Diverse and not united English took colony Lecture Outline: Dutch most aggressive European traders Largest merchant fleet Rivalry with Spain led to New World interest Search for Northwest Passage Henry Hudson sailed up Hudson River Establishment of trading posts in colony of New Netherland Bases to attack Spain’s colonies in the New World New Netherlands Two settlements Fort Orange on Hudson (Albany) New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island First settlers were employees Gathered furs for Dutch West India Company Attracted few Dutch immigrants Diverse and not united Eighteen different languages in use by 1644 Sizeable community of free blacks Possibly former slaves Lack leadership Adopted autocratic procedures Lined own pockets No elected assembly Inhabitants ignored company directives and had no loyalty to company English took colony Dutch could keep property Charles II gave grant to his brother James, the Duke of York Aversion to representative government Diversity in the Middle Colonies

Lecture Outline: Image: Map 2.3 Middle Colonies, New York and Philadelphia became colonial America’s most important commercial ports. Diversity in the Middle Colonies

Link to MyHistoryLab asset: Read the Document, “Father Isaac Jogues, Description of New Amsterdam (1646)” Lecture Outline: Image: New Amsterdam - Dutch colonization in the first half of the seventeenth century extended from New Amsterdam (New York City) up the Hudson River to Fort Orange (Albany). Diversity in the Middle Colonies

Confusion in New Jersey
New Jersey split off from New York Given to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret Berkeley split colony Reunited in 1702 as single royal colony Lecture Outline: New Jersey split off from New York Given to Lord Berkeley and Sir George Carteret Some land titles already given by New York – confusion over ownership rights Elected assembly, headright system, liberty of conscience Berkeley split colony Sold to Quaker group East and West Jersey Reunited in 1702 as single royal colony Diversity in the Middle Colonies

Quakers in America Quakers Derogatory term – “tremble at the word of the Lord” Members called sect “Society of Friends” No need for a formal ministry Practiced humility in daily lives Spread “truth” Lecture Outline: Quakers Derogatory term - “tremble at the word of the Lord” Members called sect “Society of Friends” No need for a formal ministry Each person’s interpretation of scripture is equally valid Practiced humility in daily lives Simple clothing Old-fashioned forms of address All people equal Did not honor worldly position or accomplishment Did not swear oaths in courts of law Spread “truth” Sometimes wore out their welcome Harassed by English authorities Jailed and some put to death Key Terms: Quakers: Members of a radical religious group, formally known as the Society of Friends, that rejects formal theology and stresses each person’s “inner light,” a spiritual guide to righteousness. Diversity in the Middle Colonies

Penn’s “Holy Experiment”
William Penn – charter for Pennsylvania Bought Delaware from New Jersey proprietors “Holy Experiment” Society run on Quaker principles Balance of power between rich and poor Charter of Liberties Promoted colony Land sales and taxes People poured in Lecture Outline: William Penn – charter for Pennsylvania Bought Delaware from New Jersey proprietors Ensuring ocean access To become a commercial center “Holy Experiment” Society run on Quaker principles Promoted religious toleration Balance of power between rich and poor Liberty of conscience Freedom from persecution No taxation without representation Due process of law Charter of Liberties New frame of government One-house legislature Only one in colonial America Right to initiate bills No proprietary interference Political separation for Delaware Promoted colony Land sales and taxes Only source of income People poured in Philadelphia grew Ethnic and religious diversity Irish, Welsh, English Quakers Other non-Quakers Diversity in the Middle Colonies

Link to MyHistoryLab asset: Watch the Video, “William Penn, ‘Model for Government’ (1681)” Lecture Outline: Image: William Penn (1644–1718) received a charter for Pennsylvania from King Charles II in Penn intended his colony to serve as a religious haven for both his fellow Quakers—who faced persecution both from the Church of England and from the Puritans in New England—and for members of other persecuted Protestant sects. Diversity in the Middle Colonies

Discussion Question How did ethnic diversity shape the development of the Middle Colonies? Lecture Outline: After conquering the Dutch colony of New Netherland in 1664, the English renamed it New York. Despite the conquest, the Dutch remained an influential minority in the colony, and ethnic rivalries shaped the politics of New York for many decades. In 1681, Charles II granted William Penn, a Quaker, a charter for the establishment of Pennsylvania. Penn’s guarantee to respect all Christian settlers’ liberty of conscience drew immigrants from across Northern Europe. Diversity in the Middle Colonies

Planting the Southern Colonies
Founding the Carolinas Founding of Georgia Learning Objective: How was the founding of the Carolinas different from the founding of Georgia? Home

Reliance on slave labor produced superficial similarity to Chesapeake Diversity of settlers and environment produced great divergence from Chesapeake Lecture Outline: Reliance on slave labor produced superficial similarity to Chesapeake Diversity of settlers and environment produced great divergence from Chesapeake Planting the Southern Colonies

Founding the Carolinas
Charter for Carolinas Granted by Charles II in 1663 Settlement first settlers arrived Charles Town established Political problems Planters Former Barbados residents Needed profitable crop Lecture Outline: Charter for Carolinas Granted by Charles II in 1663 Eight “Proprietors” to reward loyalty Settlement first settlers arrived Only 100 of original 300 English colonists and additional recruits from the Caribbean arrived Charles Town established Political problems Barbadian settlers resisted proprietors’ policies Incompetent governors Commons House of Assembly colonists overthrew last proprietary governor king created two separate royal governments for North and South Carolina Hoped split would lead to more effective governance Planters Former Barbados residents Moved to Carolinas for land – many were wealthy Many brought slaves with them Established plantations more similar to Caribbean than other colonies Need profitable crop Experimented with tobacco, cotton, mulberry trees, and grapes Beef, animal skins, and naval stores (tar) most profitable Traded with Indians Deerskins Indian slaves Rice came after 1690s – became main staple in colony Planting the Southern Colonies

Lecture Outline: Image: Map 2.4 The Carolinas and Georgia - Caribbean sugar planters migrated to the Goose Creek area, where they eventually mastered rice cultivation. Poor harbors in North Carolina retarded the spread of European settlement there. Planting the Southern Colonies

Lecture Outline: Image: Charles Town - This engraving from 1671 of the fortified settlement at Charleston, South Carolina, shows junction of the Ashley and Cooper rivers. Many of Charleston’s settlers came from the sugar plantations of Barbados. Planting the Southern Colonies

Founding of Georgia 04/06/98 Georgia founded James Oglethorpe’s ideas Strategic purpose - buffer zone Charitable purpose Originally rum and slaves prohibited Landowning capped initially became royal colony Lecture Outline: Georgia founded Mainly to thwart Spain Had as much claim to area as Britain Two nations often at war Buffer between South Carolina and Spanish Florida James Oglethorpe’s ideas Strategic purpose - buffer zone Oglethorpe tried to capture St. Augustine but failed Lost interest in colony afterward Charitable purpose Refuge for imprisoned debtors from England Originally rum and slaves prohibited Colonists complained they could not compete economically with South Carolina Landowning capped initially Small land grants Land reverted to trustees if no sons Unpopular - repealed Wanted a voice in government became royal colony Planting the Southern Colonies 17 18 18 18

Table 2.1 England’s Principal Mainland Colonies
Lecture Outline: Image: Table 2.1 – England’s Principal Mainland Colonies. Sources: U.S. Bureau of the Census, Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1970, Washington, D.C., 1975; John J. McCusker and Russell R. Menard, The Economy of British America, 1607–1789, Chapel Hill, NC, 1985. Planting the Southern Colonies

Discussion Question How was the founding of the Carolinas different from that of Georgia? Lecture Outline: Immigrants from Barbados began settling in the Carolinas in the 1670s. Barbadian immigrants to the Carolinas, many of whom were wealthy planters seeking new lands for plantations, brought slavery with them when they moved. Georgia was founded in 1732 as an alternative to debtors’ prison for impoverished Englishmen and as a military outpost to guard against the Spanish in Florida. Planting the Southern Colonies

Conclusion: Living with Diversity
04/06/98 All colonies faced early struggle to survive Often hostile environment Interactions with Native Americans Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period Economic and religious motives Diversity of settlers Lecture Outline: All colonies faced early struggle to survive Often hostile environment Interactions with Native Americans Distinct regional differences intensified and persisted throughout the colonial period Economic and religious motives Diversity of settlers 26 25 25 25

England’s New World Experiments 1607‒1732

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England’s New World Experiments 1607‒1732

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