1. Nationalism: The Traditional Orientation
Chapter 4
Nationalism: The Traditional Orientation

2. Understanding Nations, Nation-States, and Nationalism

3. Nations
People sharing common characteristics: Race, culture, language, ethnicity, and so on
Sense of community: Recognition/belief in "connectedness"
Desire for autonomous self-governance: To be politically separate

4. Nation-States
In theory, the combination of state and nation, reflecting a nation's desire to have its own state and to govern itself independently

5. Inconsistencies
Many states contain multiple nations within their borders
Many nations overlap one or more state boundaries

6. Nationalism
A sense of essential political identity that dictates action in concert

7. Unifies state, nation, and nation-state
Transformation of identity toward nationalism
Sentimental attachment to homeland
Sense of identity and self-esteem based on nationalism
Motivated to help country

8. The Evolution of Nationalism

9. The Rise of Nationalism

10. Development of secular monarchs

11. Creation of nationalistic popular culture
Implication of equality (Thomas Paine)
Concept of popular sovereignty, from Switzerland and England to American and French Revolutions
Welcomed as a destroyer of empires (Woodrow Wilson)

12. The Predicted Demise of Nationalism After World War II
Experiences of destructive power of nationalism (Fascism)
Development of nuclear weapons
Emphasis on free trade and economic interdependence

13. Persistent Nationalism

14. Anti-imperialism: Independence movement initially in less developed countries
Contemporary European nationalism in Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, reunification of West and East Germany, and FSRs; growing resistance to EU (One might compare the emergence of FSRs to a form of anti-imperialism against centuries of Russian expansionism and domination)

15. Independence movements
Newly independent countries: East Timor, Eritrea, Namibia, and Palau
Nationalist stirrings: Great Britain–Scottish, Irish, Welsh; Spain–Basques and Catalans

16. Limitations
Growing world consciousness and interdependence, waning nationalism

17. Nationalism: Builder and Destroyer

18. The Beneficent Face of Nationalism
Promotes democracy (self-determination, popular sovereignty), but can be manipulated by demagogues
Encourages self-determination
Discourages imperialism: Serves as a powerful deterrent to outside rule but can encourage expansionist tendencies
Promotes economic development
Protects diversity and experimentation: This seems true when considering interactions between nation-states, but it can also suppress diversity within a state

19. The Troubled Face of Nationalism

20. Ethnonational Conflicts
How we relate to others
Feelings of difference
Insularity
Feelings of superiority
Xenophobia and the oppression of others

21. Lack of fit between nations and states

22. Multinational states: States with more than one nation

23. Multistate nationalities: Nations divided among states
Nation is a minority in one or more states and lacks a state of its own--stateless nation
Nation-state has nationals in adjacent states--irredentism
Nation is divided between two states and constitutes a majority in each

24. Nationalism and the Future

25. Self-Determination as a Goal
Help end ethnic oppression
Problems
Untangling groups
Dissolution of existing states
Microstates
"Negative sovereignty" invites intervention by more powerful
Is there a right to secede? Applying self-determination principles is difficult in a complex world

26. Nationalism: Will the Curtain Fall?
Nationalism may thrive
Nationalism may evolve toward internationalism, but at a slow pace at best--no immediate prospects for change
Nationalism is in decline and nation-states are past their peak
Nationalism is collapsing rapidly