1. Soul, Black Women, and Food American women’s search for identity in the 1960s coincided with the black quest through history for their origins One of the most symbolic tools in the search for roots is food-soul food.

2. Soul Food Roots like yams and potatoes symbolize stability Slaves brought and used seeds to preserve African culture Many of these foods have been adopted by white American culture -watermelon, okra

3. Pride & Plumpness Black women express themselves and gain self confidence through food preparation Black women pride themselves on how they can make something out of nothing Black women takes pride in the plumpness of those who eat her food family, consumers and even white Americans In black culture big is associated with beautiful

4. Family & Food Large families are intentional Children praise mother about cooking one way to experience the feeling of plenty Contribution to the black world Family stories shared at meals

5. Creativity Slaves were mostly illiterate so recipes were passed orally -room for creativity -rely on senses -snuck slave’s tastes into master’s food Cultural knowledge -Reject scientific progress and use fresh foods so no concerns about harmful preservatives

6. Why eat out? Less trips to restaurants doesn’t just reflect economic status. This shows cultural preference for soulful home cooked meal -Black Americans in the suburbs drive to the ghetto to get soul food -Potlucks in the suburbs have the same foods as potlucks in the ghetto Also personal gardens represent African respect for land, living things and African spirituality

7. Soul food is soulful no matter who prepares it! Soul is the sapphire that shows when you peel back the human layers Human layers and differences represented with opposites in american culture -Beauty v Ugliness, White v Black, Smart v Dumb This shows intolerance and attempt to anglo-ize Americans rather than embrace differences -Black people recognize the power of labeling -Must not question the soulfulness of other black people or of any black food Soul food is soulful no matter who prepares it!

8. Black Women may enjoy cooking, but what is the reality of cooking as a profession The prevalence of black women working as domestic cooks is a result of their role as cooks during slavery (historically acquired role definition) Many jobs held by black people still focus on nurturing white people and they are still destine for poverty. This is still a form of slavery.

9. Soul Food and Religion Restrictions on food such as scheduling or selection not common Eating during spiritual & religious rituals is a special celebration and a black community gathering Black preacher always gets first choice -Black Preacher is responsible for passing on the oral history of the black community

10. Sharing Black Americans couldn’t go into restaurants until the 1960s -pack a lunch and share with a friend The core of African American Food celebrations is the intent to share ex. Hog Killing -community gathering -men help with killing, skinning and making major cuts -women help clean the meat, do the trimmings prepare samples and give portions to neighbors One of few activities with clear gender divisions in black culture Relates back to African traditions

11. Gender roles Cooking is less gender specific because many black people are cooks as an occupation Economic circumstances lead black women to be more independent and autonomous and take on other roles Motherhood and dominance in kitchen still important

12. Expressions “What’s for dinner Momma?” - no perverse connotations when directed at one’s wife -Momma implies that the food is nourishing the individual physically and spiritually

13. Typical Black Kitchen Breakfast: Grits, homemade biscuits, ham or bacon, molasses or canned preserves, fresh milk and fresh eggs (may substitute ham or bacon for country- smoothered steak, fried chicken, fried chicken or porkchops) Dinner: “mess of greens” with pot licker (collards, turnips, cabbage, beet green or mustard seasoned with pork skins, fatback or ham hocks), bread, potatoes, fresh squeezed lemonade, maybe a meat and a cobbler (canned peached, fresh apples, fresh wild fruits like huckleberries, blackberries, or dew berries). Desserts might include breadpudding or homemade cookies Supper: Fruits cut up in creamy milk, biscuits, ice cream, fried chicken, creamed potatoes and buttermilk for farm families

14. Nutrition Inherited from Africa and emphasized by slave masters and is still prevalent -sometimes viewed as a purely economic decision Some people connect soul food to higher rates of hypertension in the black population in America -Hughes suggests that hypertension might be more directly related to social and economic stress

15. Stereotypes Stereotyped black female body is portrayed a big bosom with a round and fat body (like aunt Jemima) Stereotyped white female body is portrayed as thin and petite Hughes’s mother is concerned with her slimness

16. Pleasure in Eating and Feeding Stuffing the mouth with objects such as pacifiers, thumbs and cigarettes has been acknowledged as a psycological expression of emptiness Excessive eating as a coping mechanism for emotional stress The short term pleasure of eating and feeding one’s family takes away the painful realities of oppression