1. Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 1 Assessing the Durability and Integrity of Natural Gas Infrastructures for Transporting and Distributing Mixtures of Hydrogen and Natural Gas Gaz de France - Isabelle Alliat TNO – Jan Heerings

2. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 2 OBJECTIVES (1/2) How much % of H2 is acceptable? SAFETY = Potential leakages of H2 and failure of gas pipes  Effects of hydrogen on the durability of materials and components used in the natural gas transmission and distribution networks and end user infrastructure  What are the H2 leakages in steel pipes? in PE pipes? in gas appliances?  How does H2 effect the initiation and growth of defects in pipes? In which conditions?  Has H2 an ageing effect on PE pipes?  Etc.

3. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 3 Transmission pipelines Potential Threats 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 Incidents Outside Force & 3rd Party damage Other Failures CorrosionMalfunction of Control/ Relief Equipment Combined Gas & Liquid Incidents 1990-2001 Liquid Gas (Various)

4. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 4 Transmission pipes Threats, in more detail  General  MIC  AC  DC  SCC Corrosion  Dents  Gouges Mechanical damage (Third party)  Weld defects  Laminations Material Imperfections

5. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 5 Potential Effect of Hydrogen, in terms of material performance Embrittlement Fatigue Rate Fatigue Threshold Material Performance How fast does a crack larger than the threshold grow ? What is the combination of crack size, material and loading conditions representing the maximum allowable condition to rupture? At what K does an existing crack start to grow ?

6. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 6 Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H2 on steels  State of the art  Gaseous H embrittlement of steels  Degradation of steel ductility = more brittle  Easier initiation of internal cracks (with or without applied stress)  Delayed failure ruptures under mechanical loading  Reduced fatigue life  Reduced threshold stress intensity factor (K IH ) for cracks initiation  Higher crack propagation rate under cyclic loading

7. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 7 Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H2 on steels  Scope = steels for pipes & welds & defects  Mechanical strength and fracture behaviour Fracture toughness Burst resistance Fatigue behaviour  Deterministic and Probabilistic Approaches

8. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 8 Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H2 on steels

9. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 9 Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H2 on steels  Experimental methodology Machined sample Tile cut in the pipes

10. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 10 Transmission pipelines Assess the effect of H2 on steels  Experimental methodology Part of pipes Closed-end pipes Ring Glas s cell Internal hydraulic pressurizatio n room

11. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 11 Distribution network Assess the permeability of PE  Purpose = identify the leakage of gas and assess the potential risks (safety)  Scope = PE for pipes (PE80, PE100) & welds (electro-fusion)  State of the art  Few works were published on H2 permeation  Quite thin literature on ageing of PE

12. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 12 Distribution network Assess the permeability of PE  Permeation measurement  on samples & pipe sections and welds

13. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 13 Distribution network Assess the permeability of PE  First results  Permeability  Diffusivity a

14. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 14 Distribution network Assess the effect of H2 on ageing of PE  Ageing testing  Impact of H2 on residual properties Chemical link Macromolecular chain MicrostructureMicrostructure Macroscopic behaviour IRTF TREF DMTA DSC SAXS Mechanical properties Permeation behaviour

15. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 15 Distribution network Assess the reliability of gas meters  Purpose = identify the leakage of gas (safety) and assess the metering  Scope = domestic gas meters with polymer membranes  G4 (up to 6m 3 /h) and G6 (up to 10m 3 /h)  European manufacturers Actaris Elster Kromschroeder Nuovopignone

16. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 16 Inner grids Assess the permeability of PE  Testing materials & devices used in houses  Scope = gas-valve combination, connection between end-using devices and house installation, and whole end-using device (like boiler)  Metals : copper, steels, cast iron, ductile iron, etc.  Polymers : PE, PVC, elastomers, etc.  This task starts at month 18 (October ‘05): definition of test conditions

17. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 17 Durability Assessment Tool  Develop new software tool for predicting damage impact on pipeline strength  Verification of software simulation : estimation of lifetime of networks  User guide for operation with NG/H2 mixtures  The results from the WP3 “Durability” will be used in the WP4 “Integrity” for updating the inspection, repair and integrity management tools

18. Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) 18 Operational Management of Integrity TNO – Jan Heerings

19. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 19 Balance between Integrity controlling factors Material Performance Mechanical loading (operations) Defect size Structural Reliability or PoF Repair requirements Inspection requirements Changing material performance changing acceptable defect size modified operating window modified inspection & repair requirements

20. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 20 Potential Effect of Hydrogen, in terms of maximum acceptable defect size Various safety margins Example of typical result :

21. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 21 Inspection requirements UT MFL Data from GE PII Which requirements are needed ? Which improvements are possible ?

22. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 22 Repair requirements  Grinding  Weld deposit  Metallic sleeves (bolted or welded)  Composite sleeves  Advanced metallic sleeves (GE PII ESR)  Cut and replace defective section of pipe Which requirements are needed ? Which improvements are possible ?

23. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 23 Integrity Management Threat Identification Repair & Mitigation Measures Integrity (PoF) & Consequence (CoF) Assessment Risk Evaluation Inspection & Monitoring

24. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 24 Challenge in Naturalhy Translation of changed material properties towards Decision-making on WHEN and HOW to INSPECT and REPAIR Main deliverables: Improved inspection methods Improved repair methods Integrity Management Tool & Resource Allocation Taking account of: Percentage of hydrogen in mixture Material of construction Operating conditions Age of pipeline, historical inspection data CP measurement data and level of protection Coating survey measurements

25. NATURALHY is an Integrated Project funded by the European Commission’s Sixth Framework Programme (2002-2006) for research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) Preparing for the Hydrogen Economy by Using the Existing Natural Gas System as a Catalyst Project Contract No.: SES6/CT/2004/502661 25 THANK YOU