1. Pacific Northwest

2. Geography 1500-200 miles long 1500-200 miles long Only 100 miles wide Only 100 miles wide Rich marine and forest biome Rich marine and forest biome Redwood and cedars common Redwood and cedars common Surprisingly warm coastal water Surprisingly warm coastal water Bounded by coast range to the east Bounded by coast range to the east

3. Subsistence Primarily marine (H&G) Primarily marine (H&G) –Halibut –Whale –Salmon –Sturgeon –Eulachon (smelt) aka candlefish But also… But also… –Otter –Seal –Deer –Bear –Mountain Goat –Other forest animals

4. Technology Utilized available woods to the extreme Utilized available woods to the extreme –Boxes –Totem Poles –Plankhouses –Clothing and Hats –Masks –Dugout Canoes

11. Social Organization Not bands as one might expect Not bands as one might expect Dense, sedentary population Dense, sedentary population Organized at the “Kon” Organized at the “Kon” –Central village and its controlled area –Could conflict with same “tribe” if they were in a different Kon –Violating could lead to war, death, or slavery –Kon leadership by multiple clan chiefs –Leadership based on heritage and wealth –Leads to a ranked society

12. Social Organization Further organized in exogamous clans and moieties Further organized in exogamous clans and moieties –Matrilineal in the north –More patrilineal in the south –Moieties were Raven and Eagle (north) Raven and Wolf in the south Raven and Wolf in the south Rights of access to resources to clans, personal/intellectual property to individuals Rights of access to resources to clans, personal/intellectual property to individuals –Clan property marked by totem poles, could also be erected to mark offenses (shame poles) Homes (plankhouses) owned by the clan Homes (plankhouses) owned by the clan

13. Social Organization Patrilocal and avuncolocal residency Patrilocal and avuncolocal residency Daily life handled at the extended household level Daily life handled at the extended household level Clan chiefs organize their clan’s labor for major salmon runs, etc. Clan chiefs organize their clan’s labor for major salmon runs, etc.

14. Beliefs Animatism and animism common Animatism and animism common Individuals gain power, male or female, through visions and demonstration Individuals gain power, male or female, through visions and demonstration Shamanism only, no priests Shamanism only, no priests Some specialized societies of shamans, e.g. Hamatsa cannibals Some specialized societies of shamans, e.g. Hamatsa cannibals Elaborate performances Elaborate performances

15. Languages Northern: Athabascan Northern: Athabascan Central: Salishan and Wakashan (isolates) Central: Salishan and Wakashan (isolates) Southern: Salishan and Penutian, some Athabascan Southern: Salishan and Penutian, some Athabascan

16. Additional Issues Potlatches: Why and What Potlatches: Why and What –Funerary –Birth –Death –Status Change –Leveling –Redistribution –Affirmation –Alliances –Outlawed & reinstated

17. Plateau

18. Plateau: area of integrations 1. Riverine settlement: large winter villages in the river valleys. 2. Diverse subsistence base: anadromous and local fish, extensive game, and root resources (camas). 3. Complex fishing technology: harpoons, nets, net weights, weirs, storage. 4. Foodsharing between groups: many groups fish one area of the river during salmon runs., through sodalities 5. Kinship ties between groups: intermarriage of groups in and outside of Plateau. 6. Large trade networks: institutionalized trading partners and regional trade fairs (Chinook trade jargon). 7. Limited political integration: village to village organization. 8. Uniform mythology and art styles: e.g., vision quest, shamanism (salmon shaman), spirit helpers for all. 9. Blending of traits from surrounding areas 10. Salish (north) and Sahaptin/Penutian (south)