2. The Urban U. S. Immigrants, Exploiters, Professionals, & Do-Gooders, 1865-1914

3. Urbanizing population In 1860, only 20% lived in urban areas; by 1920, 50% lived in urban areas Far west was most urbanized in percentage of population—many railroad and port towns—the north east had the more urban people Central heating and elevators permitted taller buildings Mass transit made it possible to get from periphery to the center of town

4. Problems of the Cities Dumbbell tenements Corrupt Urban Political machines – “He seen his opportunities and he took ‘em,” George Washington Plunkitt

5. William Marcy Tweed

6. New Immigrants Most from eastern and southern europe Cities were “salad bowls”, not “melting pots.” Between 1890 and 1920, some 18.2 million came from abroad, most through Ellis Island Met with Nativist Bigots like Dennis Kearney and Josiah Strong Beginning with excluding the Chinese in 1882, immigration was limited, concluding with the 1921 and 1924 immigration acts

7. Immigrants at Ellis Island

8. Social Class and Culture One’s leisure was often a function of how much time and money one had. Wild West Shows appealed to folk whose jobs were no longer dangerous or on the frontier Vaudeville variety shows were the rage in the North East Croquet, Tennis, and the bicycle were the rage of the middle class Poorer people found lower cost entertainment on the street corners (food vendors, organ grinders, singers)

9. Saloons were the working class male’s haven Bars had an ethnic identity Politicians hustled for votes News was spread Place to find work Targeted by the WCTU and the Anti-Saloon League, in part because of revulsion toward drink, but also because of the ethnic makeup of many saloons

10. Women and Urban Life Married women had little opportunity to sample urban amusements Poorer women couldn’t afford them Older, wealthier women tried to regulated them Poorer women worked as domestics, but sales and service sector employment (i.e. telephone operator) were growing

11. Spectator Sports Function of growth of leisure time among a growing middle class College Football—by 1880s, the Harvard- Yale game was huge Basketball was developed in 1891 Baseball was quickly becoming “America’s Pastime.”

12. Camp, Stagg, & Thorpe

13. Sports and Society Sports culture reflected a desire to manufacture “manly” men Sports culture reflected U. S. core values— segregation Harvard did have an African American player in the 1880s, who later became a Federal Judge under President Taft.

14. Rise of Professions Managerial and Professional classes tied to Industrial Production (lawyers, bankers, etc.) Teaching becomes a “Pink collar” profession Emergence of the Ph. D. based on the German seminar model Emergence of Learned/Professional Societies: AHA in 1884

15. Dominant Ideas Social Darwinism—Herbert Spencer/William Graham Sumner Reform Darwinism—Lester Frank Ward Pragmatism—William James Social Critics—Henry George; Thorstein Veblen Social Gospel—Walter Rauschenbusch

16. Sumner, James, & Veblen

17. Literary Realism, Naturalism, & Local Color Henry James, Portrait of a Lady Theodore Dreiser, Sister Carrie Samuel Clemens, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn

18. Do-Gooders Settlement Houses—Jane Addams Women’s Suffrage—NAWSA—Susan B. Anthony Many laws passed to protect workers and regulated business Ran afoul of the Supreme Court and “Substantive Due Process”

19. Addams, Hull House, & Anthony