1. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PowerPoint ® Lecture prepared by Jan Campbell T H E B A S I C S SIXTH EDITION Cardiovascular Disease: Reducing Your Risk 12

2. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular Disease in the United States An Epidemiological Overview Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) 41% of all deaths in the U.S. Nearly 1 in 2.5 Sudden cardiac deaths 61 million live with CVD 25% of women will die within 1 year of 1 st heart attack Do you know someone who has had a heart problem?

3. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1999 Total Cardiovascular Disease Age-Adjusted Death Rates by State Figure 12.1

4. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cardiovascular Disease in the United States An Epidemiological Overview Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) (continued) 38% of men will die within 1 year of 1 st heart attack Economic burden estimated to be $298 billion What do you suppose people can do to reduce their risk of CVD?

5. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Understanding the Cardiovascular System The Heart: A Mighty Machine Four chambers Two upper chambers are called atria Two lower chambers are called ventricles Valves regulate the flow of blood How many times during a 24 hour period does the heart pump?

6. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Anatomy of the Heart Figure 12.2

7. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Understanding the Cardiovascular System Steps in Function Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium Travels to right ventricle Through pulmonary artery to the lungs (receives oxygen) From lungs to left atrium of heart Forced into left ventricle From left ventricle through aorta to all body parts

8. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cardiovascular Disease Atherosclerosis Arteriosclerosis Early theories Inflammatory risk Syndrome X

9. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cardiovascular Disease Coronary Heart Disease Greatest killer Myocardial infarction (MI) or heart attack Coronary thrombosis Collateral circulation Ventricular fibrillation

10. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cardiovascular Disease Angina Pectoris Ischemia Treatments Arrhythmias Irregularity in heart rhythm Fibrillation Over 4 million Americans diagnosed

11. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cardiovascular Disease Congestive Heart Failure 5 million Americans Congenital and Rheumatic Heart Disease 1 in 125 children (present at birth) Rheumatic caused by unresolved streptococcal infections Antibodies attack the heart

12. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Types of Cardiovascular Disease Stroke Blood supply to brain is interrupted Thrombus (blood clot) Embolus (a wandering clot) Aneurysm (a weakening in blood vessel that causes bulge or burst) Killed more than 159,000 in 1999 Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) brief interruption Warning signs

13. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Common Blood Vessel Disorders Figure 12.3

14. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Risks You Can Control Avoid tobacco Cut back on fats and cholesterol Changing lifestyle v. cholesterol lowering drugs Reduce saturated fats Lose weight if your weight is high What types of activities will you begin to change today?

15. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 12.1

16. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Risks You Can Control (continued) Modify dietary habits Step into or maintain exercise Control diabetes Control your blood pressure Hypertension “silent killer” Manage stress

17. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Table 12.2

18. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Reducing Your Risk for Cardiovascular Disease Risks You Cannot Control Heredity Age Gender Race

19. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Women and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors for Heart Disease in Women Estrogen Diabetes High blood pressure Kidney disease High cholesterol Smoking What has happened in research to change the thinking on CVD and women?

20. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Women and Cardiovascular Disease Neglect of Heart Disease Symptoms in Women Gender bias Viewed as a male disease Women decline major procedures more often than men Gender Bias in the Research Women’s Health Initiative

21. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings New Weapons Against Heart Disease Techniques of Diagnosing Heart Disease Electrocardiogram (ECG) Angiography Positron emission tomography scan (PET) Radionuclide imaging Magnetic resonance imaging Digital cardiac angiography

22. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings New Weapons Against Heart Disease Angioplasty versus Bypass Surgery Bypass more invasive Bypass has longer recovery time Angioplasty uses a balloon to open artery May not last long

23. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings New Weapons Against Heart Disease Aspirin for Heart Disease: Can it Help? Risks may outweigh the benefits Thrombolysis Drugs that reduce amount of damaged tissue Cardiac Rehabilitation Many insurance plans include Some find it difficult to afford Benefits of these programs far outweigh any risk

24. Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings New Weapons Against Heart Disease Personal Advocacy and Heart-Smart Behaviors 1) Know your patient rights 2) Find out about informed consent 3) Ask about alternative procedures 4) Have a loved one advocate on your behalf 5) Monitor the actions of health care providers 6) Be considerate of your care providers 7) Be patient with patients If you were a heart attack survivor, what could you do to help others prevent this problem?