1. Presidential budgeting Last time: –the politics of appointments –Judicial appointments

2. Cabinet Cabinet composition in 19 th century: –bargaining at national nominating conventions –regional representation –factional balancing 20 th century evolution –civil service reform limited patronage opportunities in regular departments –radio and TV helped create the media cult of the presidency; popularization of presidential campaigns and change in nominations made candidates less dependent on bargaining –appointments become increasingly about non-geographic descriptive representation (ethnic, gender diversity becomes an issue in 1960s, first with Democrats)

3. What do Cabinet Sec’ys do? Statutory heads of departments. They (not the prez) are legally responsible for policy outputs Prez can fire/threaten to fire, but law limits prez influence over implementation Prez can require reports from dept heads Congress can end-run prez control over information through hearings, subpoena powers

4. EOP and WHO EOP Created in 1939 by executive order, pursuant to the Reorganization Act of 1939 –Bureau of the Budget (now OMB) moved out of Treasury; Natural Resources Planning Board; Office of Government Reports; Liaison Office for Personnel Management Today’s EOP; 9 offices PLUS W.H.O., VP’s office, residential staffs; 1,800 staff and budget of ~$250 million: –OMB; Office of the US Trade Rep; Office of Administration; Nat’l Security Council; Nat’l Drug Control Policy; Office of Policy Development; Office of Science and Tech Policy; Council of Economic Advisers; Council and Office on Enviro Quality –WHO: the stuff of West Wing; lobbyists, speechwriters, advisors

5. Independent agencies & Judiciary Presidential appointment is constrained; removal power is denied –consequences for delegation by congress to agency? Boards, Commissions, Panels: reversion pt is not the status quo –appointment “regimes”: unconstrained, partially constrained, completely constrained Judiciary: another institutional check on the bureaucracy, shapeable by Congress

6. Appointment regimes old median Senate pivot B 3 cases: (1) old median exits; (2) A exits; (3) B exits, given Senate pivot consider different locations for the president in each case. Where is the president (a) completely constrained (has to appoint a particular type); (b) partially constrained (can affect policy but not move it all the way to his ideal point; or (c) completely unconstrained (can appoint anyone he likes, but appointment may have zero effect on policy)? B’ A

7. Presidential budgeting Evolution of budgetary structures –pre-Budget Act post-Civil War: establishment, then breakup of Appropriations progressive movement: “scientific government” and professionalization of government –1921 Budget Act post-WWI “retrenchment”; recentralization of Appropriations –1974 Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act –Controlling deficits: the 1980s and omnibus legislation;

8. Models of budgeting Where/how can the president shape budget outcomes? The spatial model (veto threats) –complete information, single shot –complete information, bargaining –incomplete information The informational model (proposal power) –Niskanen; Risk aversion and bias –Limitations on bias; sources of information first-mover advantage and distributive policies