1. American Industrial Hygiene Conference Atlanta, Georgia American Industrial Hygiene Conference Atlanta, Georgia PO135 Exposure Assessment Strategies II May 13, 2004

2. AIHce, May 13, 20042 The Relationship Between Several Variables and Benzene Exposures in the Maritime Industry Frank M Parker, III, CIH T Gerry Luther, OHST Ronald G Conrad, CIH (1936-1997) Environmental, Health and Safety Management www.calicheltd.comwww.calicheltd.com Magnolia,Texas fparker3@caliche.com

3. AIHce, May 13, 20043 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables US Coast Guard Regulations US Coast Guard Regulations “No person may be subject to a personal exposure in excess of the permissible exposure limits unless respiratory protection is used”.[46 CFR 197.520] “No person may be subject to a personal exposure in excess of the permissible exposure limits unless respiratory protection is used”.[46 CFR 197.520]

4. AIHce, May 13, 20044 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables USCG Permissible Exposure Limits USCG Permissible Exposure Limits Action Level [AL]: Action Level [AL]: 0.5 ppm [8 hr. TWA]; 0.5 ppm [8 hr. TWA]; Time Weighted Average [TWA]: Time Weighted Average [TWA]: 1 ppm [8 hr. TWA] ; and 1 ppm [8 hr. TWA] ; and Short Term Exposure Level [STEL]: Short Term Exposure Level [STEL]: 5 ppm [15 min]. 5 ppm [15 min].

5. AIHce, May 13, 20045 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables US Coast Guard Monitoring Criteria US Coast Guard Monitoring Criteria Applies to US registered vessels only; Applies to US registered vessels only; Cargos containing less than 0.5% benzene are exempt from monitoring; Cargos containing less than 0.5% benzene are exempt from monitoring; For Cargos containing >0.5% [5,000 ppm]: For Cargos containing >0.5% [5,000 ppm]: Repeat Monitoring each July or August; and Repeat Monitoring each July or August; and “monitoring must be conducted under those weather conditions that will maximize benzene exposure such as low wind, stable air, and high temperature” “monitoring must be conducted under those weather conditions that will maximize benzene exposure such as low wind, stable air, and high temperature”

6. AIHce, May 13, 20046 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Hypotheses: Hypotheses: Transferring cargos: Transferring cargos: containing PEL; containing PEL; containing >0.5% results in exposures > PEL; containing >0.5% results in exposures > PEL; In July & August results in exposures > PEL; and In July & August results in exposures > PEL; and During low wind, stable air, and high temperatures results in exposures > PEL. During low wind, stable air, and high temperatures results in exposures > PEL.

7. AIHce, May 13, 20047 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Simply Put: Simply Put: Is there any correlation between: Is there any correlation between: Benzene concentration in the cargo [%]; Benzene concentration in the cargo [%]; Low wind [mph]; Low wind [mph]; Stable air [?]; Stable air [?]; High Temperature [ 0 F] High Temperature [ 0 F] And employee exposure concentrations?

8. AIHce, May 13, 20048 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Database Summary: Database Summary: 1992 – 2003 1992 – 2003 50 ships & 14 barges 50 ships & 14 barges 64 loading and 32 off loading operations; 64 loading and 32 off loading operations; Location: Location: Gulf of Mexico [59] Gulf of Mexico [59] Atlantic [14] Atlantic [14] Pacific [21] Pacific [21] Red Sea [1] Red Sea [1] North Sea [1] North Sea [1]

9. AIHce, May 13, 20049 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Database Summary [Cont.] Database Summary [Cont.] Number of Samples : Number of Samples : TWA – 1494 TWA – 1494 STEL – 542 STEL – 542 Cargo - 132 Cargo - 132 Methodology Methodology Air: 3M-3500 OVM Badges / NIOSH 1500/1501 Air: 3M-3500 OVM Badges / NIOSH 1500/1501 Liquid: GC Liquid: GC

10. AIHce, May 13, 200410 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables GasRegGasMidGasPremJetDiesel Fuel Oil CrudeB’nkrAlkySlop #Samp.47235102424222 Max2.80.73.70.30.40.010.080.010.40.4 Ave1.30.610.090.090.010.040.010.30.3 Min0.090.540.090.010.00010.010.00020.010.10.2 <0.5%5015102424222 >0.5%422200000000 Benzene Concentrations in Cargos [%]

11. AIHce, May 13, 200411 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables

12. AIHce, May 13, 200412 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables

13. AIHce, May 13, 200413 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation= -0.32

14. AIHce, May 13, 200414 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation= -0.41

15. AIHce, May 13, 200415 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.05

16. AIHce, May 13, 200416 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.11

17. AIHce, May 13, 200417 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = -0.01

18. AIHce, May 13, 200418 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.07

19. AIHce, May 13, 200419 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = -0.14

20. AIHce, May 13, 200420 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.01

21. AIHce, May 13, 200421 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.003

22. AIHce, May 13, 200422 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Correlation = 0.02

23. AIHce, May 13, 200423 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables

24. AIHce, May 13, 200424 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Conclusions: Conclusions: There is substantially no correlation between benzene content of cargo, July and August, wind speed, stable air, or temperature and worker benzene exposure concentrations. There is substantially no correlation between benzene content of cargo, July and August, wind speed, stable air, or temperature and worker benzene exposure concentrations. % Transfers Exceeding Standards: % Transfers Exceeding Standards: USCG – TWA = 15.6%; STEL = 20.8% USCG – TWA = 15.6%; STEL = 20.8% ACGIH TLV – TWA = 31.2%; STEL = 41.7% ACGIH TLV – TWA = 31.2%; STEL = 41.7%

25. AIHce, May 13, 200425 Benzene Exposures vs. Variables Research Needs: Research Needs: OVM, or other simple technology, that will allow us to perform STEL (15 minutes) measurements at a 1ppm detection level. OVM, or other simple technology, that will allow us to perform STEL (15 minutes) measurements at a 1ppm detection level. A hand held, real time monitoring instrument, that will measure benzene in a multi chemical environment. A hand held, real time monitoring instrument, that will measure benzene in a multi chemical environment.