1. Fundamentals of Industrial Hygiene 6th Edition
Part III: Recognition of Hazards
Chapter 6:
Industrial Toxicology
Compiled by Allen Sullivan,
Assistant Professor, Safety and Health Management Central Washington University

2. Definitions Definitions toxic effect toxicity dose hazard
route of entry (inhalation, dermal, ingestion)
quantity of exposure (amount and duration)
characteristics of substance (physical state, size, pH)
physiological state (state of health, pre-existing conditions)
environmental variables (presence of other substances)

3. Route of Entry Inhalation Skin Absorption Ingestion Injection
upper respiratory tract
lower respiratory tract
Skin Absorption
skin thickness
temperature
perspiration
Ingestion
Injection

4. Dose–Response Relationship
Dose C  T = K
concentration (C)
time duration (T)
constant (K)
Response
threshold concept
potency
toxicity
cumulative effects
exposure thresholds
NOAEL (No Observable Adverse Effect Level)
LOAEL (Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level)

5. Lethal Dose (LD) Lethal Dose Lethal Concentration (LC) Evaluation
bell-shaped Curve
LD50
LD0
LD100
usually mg/kg
Lethal Concentration (LC)
airborne
usually mg/m3 or ppm
Evaluation

6. Timing: Exposure and Effect
Acute Effects and Acute Exposures
rapid onset
short duration
rapid absorption
Chronic Effects and Chronic Exposures
slow to develop
long duration and/or frequent recurrence

7. Airborne Contaminant Exposure
Irritants
primary irritant
secondary irritant
Allergens
hypersensitivity v. hypersusceptibility
Systemic Toxins
Asphyxiants
simple asphyxiants
chemical asphyxiants

8. Airborne Contaminant Exposure (cont.)
Organ-Specific Effects
central nervous system depressants
cardiac sensitization
neurotoxic effects
pulmonary effects
particulates not otherwise specified (PNOS)
heavy metals
carcinogenesis
carcinogen
carcinogenic potential

9. Airborne Contaminant Exposure (cont.)
mutagenesis
reproductive toxicity
teratogenesis
pregnant women in the workplace

10. Basis for Workplace Standards
Chemical Analogy
Animal Experimentation
exposure standards
screening procedures
problem areas
In-vitro Testing
Human Epidemiological Studies
descriptive studies
retrospective studies
prospective studies

11. Federal Regulations
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHAct)
right-to-know regulation
permissible exposure limits (PELs)
toxic substances list
Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976 (TSCA)
NIOSH Standards
criteria documents
recommended exposure levels (RELs)
current intelligence bulletins (CIBs)
OSHA Standards

12. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
Threshold Limit Values (TLV®)
limitations of TLVs (OELs)
time-weighted average
ceiling values
STELs
mixtures
antagonistic
potentiation (synergistic)
carcinogens (carcinogenic potential)
physical factors (judgment)
unlisted substances
Selection of TLVs (OELs)
CaTa + CbTb + … CnTn = TWA 8
C1 + C2 + C = 1
T1 T2 T3

13. Biological Testing Biological Testing biological analysis
body burden
amount in circulation
amount excreted
benefits of biological analysis over air sampling
types of biological analyses
unchanged substances
metabolites
levels of naturally occurring substances
urine, blood, and breath analyses