1. The Carbon Cycle MET 112 Global Climate Change Professor Menglin Jin San Jose State University, Department of Meteorology

2. An Earth System Perspective Earth composed of: –Atmosphere –Hydrosphere –Cryosphere –Land Surfaces –Biosphere These ‘Machines’ run the Earth Holistic view of planet…

3. The Carbon Cycle  The complex series of reactions by which carbon passes through the Earth's –Atmosphere –Land (biosphere and Earth’s crust) –Oceans  Carbon is exchanged in the earth system at all time scales -Long term cycle (hundreds to millions of years) -Short term cycle (from seconds to a few years)

4. The carbon cycle has different speeds! Short Term Carbon Cycle Long Term Carbon Cycle

5. A cartoon of the global carbon cycle. Pools (in black) are gigatons (1Gt = 1x109 Tons) of carbon, and fluxes (in purple) are Gt carbon per year. Illustration courtesy NASA Earth Science Enterprise.

6. The movement of carbon, in its many forms, between the atmosphere, oceans, biosphere, and geosphere is described by the carbon cycle This cycle consists of several storage pools of carbon (black text) and the processes by which the various pools exchange carbon (purple arrows and numbers) net carbon sink: more carbon enters a pool than leaves it net carbon source: more carbon leaves a pool than enters it Definition of Carbon Cycle

8. Carbon: what is it?  Carbon (C), the fourth most abundant element in the Universe,  Building block of life. – –Carbon cycles through the land, ocean, atmosphere, and the Earth’s interior  Carbon found –

9. Carbon: what is it?  Carbon (C), the fourth most abundant element in the Universe,  Building block of life. –from fossil fuels and DNA –Carbon cycles through the land (bioshpere), ocean, atmosphere, and the Earth’s interior  Carbon found –in all living things, –in the atmosphere, –in the layers of limestone sediment on the ocean floor, –in fossil fuels like coal.

10. Carbon: where is it?  Exists: – Atmosphere: –Living biota (plants/animals) –Carbon –Soils and Detritus –Carbon –Oceans –Most carbon in the deep ocean

11. Carbon: where is it?  Exists: – Atmosphere: –CO 2 and CH 4 (to lesser extent) –Living biota (plants/animals) –Carbon –Soils and Detritus –Carbon –Methane –Oceans –Dissolved CO2 –Most carbon in the deep ocean

12. Carbon conservation  Initial carbon present during Earth’s formation  Carbon is exchanged between different components of Earth System.

13. Carbon conservation  Initial carbon present during Earth’s formation  Carbon doesn’t increase or decrease globally  Carbon is exchanged between different components of Earth System.

14. The geological carbon cycle operates on a time scale of millions of years, whereas the biological carbon cycle operates on a time scale of days to thousands of years. Biology plays an important role in the movement of carbon between land, ocean, and atmosphere through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.photosynthesis Respiration: C6H12O6 (organic matter) + 6O2 6CO2 + 6 H2O + energyenergy Photosynthesis: energy (sunlight) + 6CO2 + H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 energy Plants take in carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere during photosynthesis, and release CO2 back into the atmosphere during respiration through the aboverespiration chemical reactions: Biosphere vs. CO2

15. CO 2 increases the atmosphere’s ability to hold heat,heat it has been called a “greenhouse gas.” Many attribute the observed 0.6 degree C increase in global average temperature over the past century mainly to increases in atmospheric CO 2. Without substantive changes in global patterns of fossil fuel consumption and deforestation, warming trends are likely to continue. Why CO 2 is important?

17. Through photosynthesis, green plants use solar energy to turn atmosphericenergy carbon dioxide into carbohydrates (sugars). Plants and animals use these carbohydrates (and other products derived from them)products through a process called respiration, the reverse of photosynthesis.respirationphotosynthesis RespirationRespiration releases the energy contained in sugars for use inenergy metabolismmetabolism and changes carbohydrate “fuel” back into carbon dioxide, which is in turn released to back to the atmosphere. The amount of carbon taken up by photosynthesis and releasedphotosynthesis back to the atmosphere by respiration each year is aboutrespiration 1,000 times greater than the amount of carbon that moves through the geological cycle on an annual basis.

18. The “Keeling curve,” a long-term record of atmospheric CO2 concentration measured at the Mauna Loa Observatory (Keeling et al.). Although the annual oscillations represent natural, seasonal variations, the long-term increase means that concentrations are higher than they have been in 400,000 years (see text and Figure 3). Graphic courtesy of NASA’s Earth Observatory.

19. On land, the major exchange of carbon with the atmosphere results from __________and ______________. Seasonality and Diurnal Variation related to CO2 Daytime: During daytime in the growing season, leaves absorb sunlight and take up carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Nighttime: At the same time plants, animals, and soil microbes consume the carbon in organic matter and return carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis stops at night when the sun cannot provide the driving energy for the reaction, though respiration continues.energyrespiration This kind of imbalance between these two processes is reflected in diurnal changes in the atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

20. PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis stops at night when the sun cannot provide the driving energy for the reaction, though respiration continues.energyrespiration This kind of imbalance between these two processes is reflected in seasonal changes in the atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Seasonality and Diurnal Variation related to CO 2 During winter in the northern hemisphere, photosynthesis ceasesphotosynthesis when many plants lose their leaves, but respiration continues.respiration This condition leads to an increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations during the northern hemisphere winter. With the onset of spring, however, photosynthesis resumesphotosynthesis and atmospheric CO2 concentrations are reduced.

21. Countries for CO 2 emission Who is most responsible for CO 2 emission? Unit: thousands of metric tons, based on January 2007

24. Carbon dioxide emissions from energy use in buildings in the United States and Canada increased by 30% from 1990 to 2003, an annual growth rate of 2.1% per year. Carbon dioxide emissions from buildings have grown with energy consumption, which in turn is increasing with population and income. Rising incomes have led to larger residential buildings and increased household appliance ownership. http://rs.resalliance.org/2007/11/14/building-transformation/

25. 7.4 gigatons (GT) of CO 2 are emitted to the atmospheregigatonsemitted each year.

26. Mapping the U.S. carbon footprint Credit: Vulcan Projec

27. In the oceans, phytoplankton (microscopic marine plants that form the base of the marine food chain) use carbon to make shells of calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ). The shells settle to the bottom of the ocean when phytoplankton die and are buried in the sediments. The shells of phytoplankton andsediments other creatures can become compressed over time as they are buried and are often eventually transformed into limestone.limestone Additionally, under certain geological conditions, organic matter can be buried and over time form deposits of the carbon-containing fuels coal and oil. It is the non-calcium containing organic matter that is transformed into fossil fuel. Both limestone formation and fossil fuel formation are biologicallylimestone controlled processes and represent long-term sinks for atmospheric CO2. C in Ocean

28. New Science Paper Says Carbon Emissions Threaten Coral Reefs http://www.noaanews.noaa.gov/stories2007/20071213_carboncoral.html For you to read Extra Credit Activity (1 point) Read the link below and write half page comments on how Carbon Emissions Threaten Coral Reefs, turn in via Turnitin.com by April 15

29. Short Term Carbon Cycle  One example of the short term carbon cycle involves plants  Photosynthesis:  Plants require  Sunlight, water and carbon, (from CO 2 in atmosphere or ocean) to produce carbohydrates (food) to grow.  When plants decays, carbon is mostly returned to the atmosphere (respiration)  During spring: (more photosynthesis)   During fall: (more respiration) 

30. Short Term Carbon Cycle  One example of the short term carbon cycle involves plants  Photosynthesis: is the conversion of carbon dioxide and water into a sugar called glucose (carbohydrate) using sunlight energy. Oxygen is produced as a waste product.  Plants require  Sunlight, water and carbon, (from CO 2 in atmosphere or ocean) to produce carbohydrates (food) to grow.  When plants decays, carbon is mostly returned to the atmosphere (respiration)  Global CO2

31. Carbon exchange (short term)  Other examples of short term carbon exchanges include:  Soils and Detritus: -organic matter decays and releases carbon  Surface Oceans –absorb CO2 via photosynthesis –also release CO2

32. In Class Question Explain why CO2 concentrations goes up and down each year

33. Long Term Carbon Cycle

34. Carbon is slowly and continuously being transported around our earth system. –Between atmosphere/ocean/biosphere –And the Earth’s crust (rocks like limestone) The main components to the long term carbon cycle: 1.Chemical weathering (or called: “silicate to carbonate conversion process”) 2.Volcanism/Subduction 3.Organic carbon burial 4.Oxidation of organic carbon

35. The Long-Term Carbon Cycle (Diagram) Atmosphere (CO 2 ) Ocean (Dissolved CO 2 ) Biosphere (Organic Carbon) Carbonates Buried Organic Carbon Subduction/ Volcanism Silicate-to- Carbonate Conversion Organic Carbon Burial Oxidation of Buried Organic Carbon

36. Where is most of the carbon today? Most Carbon is ‘locked’ away in the earth’s crust (i.e. rocks) as – Limestone is mainly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) Carbonates are formed by a complex geochemical process called: –

37. Where is most of the carbon today? Most Carbon is ‘locked’ away in the earth’s crust (i.e. rocks) as –Carbonates (containing carbon) Limestone is mainly made of calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) Carbonates are formed by a complex geochemical process called: –Silicate-to-Carbonate Conversion (long term carbon cycle)

38. Granite (A Silicate Rock)

39. Limestone (A Carbonate Rock)

40. The Carbon Cycle Long term (thousands of years)Short term (fast ~ 1-5 years) Land/Ocean Air

41. The Carbon Cycle Land/Ocean Air Short term (fast ~ 1-5 years) Long term (thousands of years)