1. Making Sense of Post-Colonial Africa, 1960-2007: John Metzler, PhD African Studies Center Michigan State University

2. Helping Students Understand Independent Africa, 1960-2005 Overview: Introduction: Popular Representations of Contemporary Africa What We Need to Take into Account When Teaching About Contemporary Africa in the Community College Classroom Political, Economic, & Social “Realities” of Contemporary/Independent Africa Understanding Independent Africa: The Colonial Legacy: Economic legacy Social Legacy Political Legacy The Cold War in Africa: Angola, Congo, Horn of Africa, Southern Africa Militarization— Small Arms Race– in Africa Globalization & Africa: Promise or Peril? The African Renaissance: The Case for Optimism

3. 1. Popular Representations of Africa What media informs our students’ images of Africa? Afro-Pessimism Afro-Optimism News Media: “Hopeless Continent” Disney/National Geographic: “Garden of Eden”/Celebration of the Exotic Movie industry: Despair & Exotica

4. Popular Representations of Africa: “The Hopeless Continent”

5. Popular Representations of Africa: The “Hopeless Continent”

7. Summary of Representation in News Media Africa assessed Four “Ds” and One “C”: Death Disease Disaster Despair Corruption Charlayne Hunter-Gault, 2006

8. Popular Representations of Africa: “Garden of Eden”

10. Popular Representations of Africa: Celebration of the Exotic

11. Popular Representations of Africa: Messages from the Movies

12. Teaching About Contemporary Africa CRITERIA FOR ADDRESSING AFRICAN CRISES IN THE CLASSROOM Given the bias and lack of rigor and analysis in the reporting of African crises, how should educators deal with these crises in their classrooms? First, give attention to the following criteria: Set high standards of objectivity for yourself and for your students. Do not be satisfied with news stories that continue to use the standard explanatory constructs in analyzing a story. Use the same standards of objectivity and demand the same rigor that you expect from an analysis of a current issue in the U.S. Seek trust-worthy information and documentation on the issue under consideration prior to engaging your students in a serious discussion of the issue. Just as you would do for the study of a current events issue in the U.S., try to find (or have your students seek out) alternative perspectives of the story/crisis. The World Wide Web provides a rich variety of web sources on Africa.

13. Teaching About Contemporary Africa Criteria (continued) When teaching a unit on Africa do not deal with crises or severe problems unless you also deal with problems/crises when you teach about other regions of the world—particularly when you teach U.S. history, civics, or economics. Analysis of current events should be normal part of your of the social studies classroom, not just when teaching about Africa or “troubled regions” such as the Middle East. When addressing a crisis in Africa do not do so in isolation from the larger geographic, political, economic, and historical context in which the crisis is taking place. Crises are not “natural” or “systemic” to African societies (or to any other society in the world), and should not be treated as such.

14. 2. Contemporary “Realities” of Africa Dual “Realities” ** Political Arena: Chaos, Chronic Conflict versus Democratization: Africa’s Second Liberation ** Economic Arena: Endemic poverty/under- development versus African Renaissance ** Social Arena: Irreparable decay of social structure (e.g. impact of HIV-AIDS) versus Re-birth of Civil Society

15. Political “Realities” of Contemporary Africa

16. Contemporary Conflicts: Africa’s First World War: Congo/Great Lakes (4 million casualties in last 9 years)-cease-fire and peace accord; elections July and Oct. 2006 Burundi Sudan- Darfur Horn of Africa: Somalia; Ethiopia/Eritrea Cote D’Ivoire Western Sahara (7-8 million refugees/displaced people in Africa) Refugee Crisis 4.2 million refugees (2000) second only to Asia. Many more Internally displaced persons

17. Political “Realities” of Contemporary Africa Resolution of long-standing conflicts: Angola Mozambique Sierra Leone Liberia Sudan: North-South Conflict Rwanda Congo?

18. Political Realities of the Congo & Nigeria Congo: Civil War 1997-?: Groups: Interhamwe (Hutu militia), Mai Mai, Congolese Rally for Democracy (2 factions supported by Rwanda), Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (supported by Uganda), government of Joseph Kabila (elections, Sept. 2006/ run-off end of Oct. 2006) Jean-Pierre Bemba Approximately 4 million have died as result of this conflict Preceded by 30 years of autocratic rule—Mobutu Sese Seko Nigeria: Seven military governments: 1966-1999 (some very brutal) Biafran civil war 1967-1970 ( cf one million died) Ethnic conflict in Niger Delta- oil region: Ijaw, Itsekiri, Ogoni (Ken Saro-Wiwa) Muslim-Christian conflict (recent phenomenon) Stable “democracy” since 1999 What happens after Pres. Olusegun Obasanjo (2007)?

19. Political “Realities” of Contemporary Africa: Regime Types 1989 ONE PARTY (28)Military (12)Multi-Party (6)Settler/Racist (2) Angola Benin Cape Verde Central Africa Republic Chad Comoros Congo (Brazzaville) Cote D’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Kenya Libya Madagascar Mali Malawi Morocco Mozambique Niger Rwanda Sao Tome Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia Swaziland Tanzania Togo Zaire Zambia Algeria Burkina Faso Burundi Chad Ghana Guinea Lesotho Liberia Mauritania Nigeria Sudan Uganda Botswana Egypt * Gambia Mauritius Tunisia Zimbabwe * Namibia South Africa

20. Political “Realities” of Contemporary Africa: Regime Types Today: Africa’s Second Revolution/Independence Democratic (17)Partially Democratic (15)Undemocratic (16) Benin Botswana Cape Verde Gambia Ghana Kenya Malawi Mauritius Mozambique Namibia Nigeria Sao Tome Senegal Seychelles South Africa Tunisia Zambia Chad Camoros Congo (Brazzaville) Gabon Egypt Eritrea Ethiopia Lesotho Madagascar Morocco Rwanda Sierra Leone Swaziland Tanzania Uganda Algeria Angola Burundi Cameroon Congo (Democratic Republic) ? Cote D’Ivoire Djibouti Equatorial Guinea Guinea Libya Mauritania Niger Somalia Sudan Togo Zimbabwe

21. Political Realities of Contemporary Africa Commitment of the African Union (2002) to human rights, good governance, transparency, democracy, and development. NEPAD: New Partnership for Africa’s Development: By 2006 26 countries (half of the AU’s membership had agreed to undergo the Africa Peer Review Mechanism to assess progress towards good governance goals.

22. Economic Realities of Contemporary Africa The Combined Gross Domestic Product for all of Sub-Saharan Africa in 2000 was US$322.73 Billion—less than the GDP for the Netherlands (and considerably smaller than the GDP for the state of California) Between 1990 and 2000 GNP per capita declined.7 per cent in Sub-Saharan Africa However, since 2000 a number of African countries have experienced a annual growth rate of around 5% Nearly 40% of Africa’s GNP is from agriculture, less than 15% from manufacturing: lowest of any region in the world. Africa counts for less than 2% of global trade In 1960 average service debt of an African country was 2% of exports; in 2000 239% of exports

23. Economic Realities of Contemporary Africa

24. World RegionPopulation Size (#)GNI Size ($)% GDP Growth T.Den.T.P.C.T.P.C Sub-Saharan Africa674293114602.90.7 L. America524261,8763,5800.4-1.1 S. Asia1,3782886184504.93.1 M East & N Afr301276692,2203.01.0 NOTE: -- T. = ‘Total’; -- Den. = Population Density, in single units; -- P.C. = Per Capita Income, in single units -- GDP = Gross Domestic Production -- Total Population, in Millions; -- T. GNI (Gross National Income) in billions

25. Economic Realities of Contemporary Africa: Poverty ( Numbers and Percent of People living on $1 or less a day) World Region 199019992015 #*#*%#%#% S-S Afr241473154940446 L. Amer48115711477.5 S. Asia506454883726416 M East & N Afr 526282

26. Economic Realities of Contemporary Africa: Poverty ( Numbers and Percent of People living on $2 or less a day) World Region 199019992015 #*#*%#%#% S-S Afr386764807561870 L. Amer121281322611719 S. Asia101090112885113968 M East & N Afr 502168236216

29. Economic Realities: Congo Congo: Mineral Rich: Copper, Cobalt, Coltan, Diamonds, Tin Agriculture: wide variety of food and cash crops including coffee, tea, rubber and commercial lumber. Industry: very little manufacturing, mineral processing Yet: GDP per Capita is $88 compared to an average of $541 in SSAf; Per Capita Income $110 per capita compared to $600 for SSAf

30. But... AFRICA’S GROWTH RATES ARE CATCHING UP TO OTHER DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

31. African per capita income is now increasing in tandem with other developing countries … Annual Change in Real per capita GDP % Forecast 2008 Source: World Bank

32. … growth has improved since the 1980’s

33. Africa’s growth experience increasingly diverse

34. Social Realities of Contemporary Africa Severe Social Dislocation: Male (productive age) labor migration: short term and long term Urbanization: unplanned, minimal social services (health, education, housing, sanitation) Gender/family relations: change in social relations of production and reproduction (male migration, “male cash crops,”) absence of fathers/husbands; rural poverty (women & children most severely impacted); survival strategies (prostitution, beer-making).

35. Social Realities of Contemporary Africa Education: Colonial Heritage: Education for a very few (at independence, no colony had more than 60% of the elementary school age population in school, most less than 30%; even lower for high school and tertiary education Portuguese had most restrictive educational program. In rural Mozambique less than 20% of school age cohort had full seven years of elementary education at independence in 1975 At independence in 1960 the D.R. Congo had an extensive primary school system (70% enrollment) but less than 10% went to secondary school and only 50 university graduates! French followed policy of “assimilation”—targeted 10-20% of population with relatively good education system, but vast majority little or no schooling. British generally most “progressive” but great differences between “protectorates” (Nigeria, Ghana) where in-direct rule was practiced, and settler colonies (Rhodesias, Kenya) where educational expenditure was very limited. Curriculum heavily biased to humanities—limited opportunities in science, math, technology

36. Social Realities of Contemporary Africa Education and the Imperatives of the Post- Colonial Nation-State: Nation building and state legitimacy Economic development and productivity Social development: health, welfare, education Cultural development: (re)production of “Traditional culture”

37. Social Realities of Contemporary Africa Education: Post-Independence Example of Zimbabwe: 1980: 60% of primary school age cohort in school, less than 40% finished primary education 1995 100% of primary school age cohort in school, over 90% finished seven years of primary school 1980: only 64,000 students in secondary school; 1995 over 800,000 in secondary school Negative Impact of ESAP conditionalities on education

38. Social Realities of Contemporary Africa: Health Diseases of Poverty: Malaria kills over 1 million people in Africa each year with an estimated cost to African economies of over $2 billion Sleeping sickness (trypanosomasis) threat to 60 million, infects 300,000 each year River Blindness (onchocerciasis) 17.5 million in Africa (99%) of world total Biharziasis impacts estimated 80 million in Africa

39. Malaria has not received adequate attention and is a major cause of death of children

40. Social Realities of Contemporary Africa: Health The Scourge of HIV-AIDS HIV-AIDS: Out of approximately 40 million HIV-AIDS victims in the world 29.4 victims reside in Sub-Saharan African countries. Nearly three million children under the age of 15 are HIV positive Four countries in southern Africa have HIV infection rates of 25% or higher of adult population In the last decade 12 million people died of AIDS in Africa Life expectancy in southern Africa increased throughout the region to nearly 60 years of age in 1990 (from 44 years in 1950); life expectancy expected to drop to 40-45 years of age by 2005. Rays of hope: decline in infection rate in a number of countries, stabilization in South Africa; reduction in the price of antiretrovirals.

41. Social Realities of Contemporary Africa: Health/HIV-AIDS

42. LIFE Expectancy And Mortality

43. How do we bring understanding to these political, economic and social realities of contemporary Africa? Contextualize

44. Legacy of Geography, Environment, Climate, Geology Environmental Determinism: Jared Diamond—Guns, Germs, and Steel Jeffrey Sachs- The End of Poverty Africa only continent in the World solely in the tropics; geologically oldest: endemic & debilitating disease; poor soils; unreliable climate, hostile environment— impedes economic development and creates conditions for political instability.

45. Legacy of Slavery Destruction of political, economic, and social infrastructure Loss of population— death and slave trade Immeasurable Human suffering. Other slave trades: Trans-Sahara, East & Central Africa.

46. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Colonial Legacy

47. A.Political Legacy B.Economic Legacy C.Social Legacy

48. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy Human rights legacy Authoritarian/anti-democratic legacy Cultural-pluralism/ethnicity State Capacity

49. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy Types of Colonial Political Regimes in Africa: Direct Rule: Belgium, France, Germany (until 1918) Portugal (Guinea-Bissau) Indirect Rule: British (except for settler states) League of Nations High Commission Mandate Trust Territories (former German colonies—Tanganyika, Togo, South West Africa, Cameroon) Settler Colonies (Angola, Kenya, Mozambique, Rhodesia: South & North; South Africa)

50. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy Authoritarian/anti-democratic Hegemony (establishment and maintenance of) was core political agenda of all colonial states/regimes: Development of police and local armed forces staffed by indigenous African personnel Legitimacy (an imperative of most modern statecraft) was not important to the colonial regime Representation (outside of traditional leaders/indirect rule) or elections were largely absent in all colonial regimes Taxation (revenue generation)—without representation—was central to the survival of the colonial state (Metropol opposed to financial support of their colonies) “Forced Labor”—and at times forced conscription into police force/army

51. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy Cultural Pluralism and the Creation of “Tribalism”/Ethnicity Myth of “Tribe” & unique “tribal” characteristics Issue of Colonial borders: separation of language/ethnic groups Policy of “Divide and Rule.” Role of Mission societies

52. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy/Cultural Pluralism

53. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy/Creation of Ethnicity Case of Nigeria: Lugard’s policy of “Indirect Rule” (& “Divide and Rule”) Differential policies toward Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba Creation of Igbo ethnicity Peripheralization of “minor” groups

54. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy/Creation of Ethnicity Case of Burundi and Rwanda Myth of ancient deeply embedded ethnic (“tribal”/ “racial”) rivalry between Tutsi and Hutu peoples Belgian policy and the creation of ethnicity/ “race” in Burundi and Rwanda Burundi Rwanda

55. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy/State Capacity Review basic functions of national governments: Guarantee sovereignty of the country Guarantee safety and protection of all citizens Guarantee basic human rights for all citizens Guarantee equal protection under the law for all citizens (Help) Provide basic infrastructure: transportation and communication (Help) Provide basic social services for all citizens: basic education, adequate health care, clean potable water, descent shelter Stimulate and support economic productivity and growth

56. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy/State Capacity Realizing these basic functions of government dependent on: Constitutional commitment to democracy and basic human rights Independent judiciary Specialized institutions of government (departments) that carry out specific functions of governance: defense, public safety, education, health care, etc. Skilled and dedicated civil servants/bureaucrats Revenue

57. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy/State Capacity Major imperatives of all colonial regimes: Hegemony (domestic peace) and revenue (extraction) all other agenda subservient to these imperatives [exception of the settler colonies] Institutional development privileged institutions of “public safety” and “control”: police, army, “native” court system,” labor recruitment, and taxation Institutions/departments with portfolios in finance, economic development, employment, transportation, communication, housing, health care, education— severely under-developed

58. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Political Legacy/State Capacity Paradox of “Over-Developed State” (Post- colonial) with “Under-Developed” Capacity. Over-Developed in terms of its relationship to civil society and the domestic economy— monopoly of responsibility for development (social, economic, political), but... Severely under-developed in its capacity (institutional and human to meet these challenges/responsibilities) Competition over scarce resources

59. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Economic Legacy Economic rationale for colonialism (review): Demand for raw materials to fuel industrial revolution in Europe & generate profits for businesses (nascent Transnationals) Guaranteed markets for industrial goods (crisis in capitalism?) Need for safe investment opportunities for emerging transnational corporations Three “Cs”: Pressure from “humanitarians” and mission societies: Commerce as prime factor in promoting Christianity and “Civilization” in Africa

60. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Economic Legacy Central economic imperative of all colonial regimes: colonies must “pay their own way”—no drain on metropol treasury. Top agenda of colonial regimes: raise revenue—find & promote mode/area of production that support colonial regime and concurrently generate profits for metropol. Creation of “Mono-Economies.”

61. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Economic Legacy/Colonial “modes of production” 1.Mineral: Africa rich in mineral resources, several colonial economies centered on the exploitation of minerals: e.g. Zambia (Northern Rhodesia) and Congo (Belgian)

62. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Economic Legacy/Colonial “modes of production” 2. Large-scale agriculture (“plantation”) agriculture: colonial regime identify one or two major agricultural products to be developed for export. Mainly East and Southern Africa: Kenya (coffee, tea) Zimbabwe (tobacco, beef), Mozambique (cotton/cashews)

63. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Economic Legacy/Colonial “modes of production” 3. Small-Scale Agricultural Production: Most African colonies did not have large mineral deposits nor were they attractive for large scale plantation type agriculture. In these countries revenue was generated through government mandated/encouraged small-scale agricultural production for export: e.g. cotton (Mali), groundnuts (Senegal, Gambia) cocoa (Ghana, Cote d’Ivoire)

64. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Economic Legacy/Colonial “modes of production” 4. Labor providing colonies: Some African colonies were resource part—more often sections of colonies. These colonies became “labor reservoirs” for farms, mines and industries in neighboring countries. E.G. Burkina Faso (to Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana) Malawi/Mozambique/Lesotho/ Swaziland (to South Africa, Zimbabwe, Zambia). Colonial regimes earned money through taxing recruitment and remissions from laborers.

65. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Economic Legacy/Colonial “modes of production” 5. Mixed/Diversified Economies: Colonial regimes did little to stimulate real economic growth and diversification with the notable exception of “settler colonies” such as Kenya, Southern Rhodesia, and South Africa. Economic development and diversification central to the settler’s agenda for their “countries.”

66. Understanding Contemporary Africa: The Economic Legacy/ “Land” and Labor Regardless of mode of production colonial economies required access and control over land/natural resources (most often without compensation), and of... Labor (often forced or non-voluntary) – including labor for commercial crops instead of subsistence crops in small scale commercial production zones.

67. 4. Understanding Contemporary Africa: Impact of the Cold War The 1960’s, the decade of Africa’s independence coincided with the height of the Cold War. Newly independent African states/leaders were often called upon to take sides between the East and West. U.S. and West suspicious of Marxist/nationalist rhetoric of many new leaders particularly in countries with strategic location and/or resources: Congo, Angola, Somalia, Ethiopia, Rhodesia, South Africa

68. Understanding Contemporary Africa: Impact of the Cold War Impact of Cold War? Instability caused by assassinations, coups, and civil strife within and between key African “client” states. Wars directly linked to Cold War machinations: Angola civil war (invasion by South Africa, Cuban troops); Congo (including recent “First African World War;” Ethiopia/Somalia; Liberia, Mozambique; Sudan “Failed States:” Congo, Liberia, Somalia, Sudan. Economic devastation: Case of Congo rich in natural and human resources Human suffering: millions killed (over a million in Angolan civil war); Angola second largest number of land-mine amputees (after Cambodia) Africa second largest refugee population in the world

69. Results for Africa of aid from U.S. and the West during the Cold War US gave at least $1.5 bill weapons to Africa during Cold War (1950-89) –- incl $400 mill to dictator Mobutu in Congo – $250 mill to Jonas Savimbi’s UNITA movement Angola –Half the US aid went to governments with known human rights abuses including Congo, Rwanda, Uganda atrocities (perhaps 3 million)

70. Somalia 10/15/69 President Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke is assassinated by one of his bodyguards. 10/21/69 Coup d’état in Somalia. Major General Mahamed Siyad Barre takes over as Chairman of the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC). A number of prominent leaders and potential political rivals to Barre are imprisoned.

71. UN & US Retreat in Somalia

72. Societal Wreckage of War-Somalia Baidoa, Som, City of Death - vandalized statue

73. Children of War-Somalia Children of War Photograph by Joel Frushone, U.S. Committee for Refugees They’re preparing to leave the only home they have ever known. These children, whose parents are Somali, were born in the Daror refugee camp in the Ogaden region of Ethiopia. Their parents had come here in the late 1980s, fleeing northern Somalia after a violent uprising that led to government bombing of the region’s largest city, Hargeysa. More than a decade later, with peace and relative stability in what is now the self-proclaimed state of Somaliland, refugees are going home. Returning families receive resettlement supplies, including 330 pounds (150 kilograms) of wheat and about five quarts (five liters) of cooking oil. Most sell the supplies.

74. Militarization Across Africa: Curse of landmines Angola: more than 70,000 amputees and more than 16,000 killed. Estimates of total number of land mines = 10-20 million Angola is the one most heavily impacted by 1-2 land mines per person Whatever you want to do, whether it's plant a field or rehabilitate a school or open a road, you've first got to clear away the mines. The threat of mines has paralyzed the country More than 70 types of mines - manufactured in at least 22 countries - have been planted in Angola during recent decades. Mines were installed by the government military, the South Africans, the Cubans, the Russians, UNITA, the police, by neighboring governments, and several other Angolan armed groups. The numbers of mine layers makes demining - which includes understanding the strategy and patterns of mine laying - even more complicated. Mine clearance experts say only the Cubans made accurate maps of their mine fields. Tens of thousands of one-legged Angolans hobbling around their country on crutches provide graphic evidence that most of the mines laid here are small anti-personnel mines designed to maim rather than kill. Yet the explosives are often targeted at civilians, most often women and children, rather than soldiers. Planted near water sources and under shade trees in the savannah, they are designed to terrorize, often with the goal of depopulating the countryside.

75. Militarization Across Africa Portuguese soldiers planting and unearthing land mines in Angola, 1970s

76. Militarization in Africa—The Cost An average of $22 billion is being spent each year by the nations of Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Latin America on arms. If this were redirected, it would be enough to reach the UN targets of Universal Primary Education And reducing infant and maternal mortality. And Meeting all of the Millennium Development Goals

77. Militarization of Africa –Arms Sales Out of Control The U.S., France, Russia, China and the UK together account for 88% of all the world’s conventional arms exports. There are 639 MILLION small arms and light weapons in the world Today, eight million more are produced every year. From 1996-2001, the USA, UK, and France earned more income from arms sales to developing countries than they gave in all kinds of emergency, disaster, and economic assistance aid.

78. The costs of the new wars to Africa’s children Up to 20,000 children are fighting in Africa’s conficts today…..

80. Understanding Contemporary Africa: Impact of Globalization Drastic reduction primary price of primary resources (agricultural crops and non-strategic minerals). Concomitant increase in price of industrial goods/services produced in North. Heavy indebtedness: impact of petrol dollars Decline in investment—slowing diversification of economy Neo-liberal orthodoxy—withdrawal of state, decline in services, rise in unemployment; emphasis on “comparative advantage.” “Peripheralization” of Africa?

81. Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at the Half-Way Point Goal One: Eradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger: Share of population below national poverty line: high-Zambia 72.9%; low Benin 29% Share of population living on $1 per day: high— Zambia 75%; low South Africa 10.7% Prevalence of child malnutrition, underweight as % of children under 5: high Ethiopia 47.5%; low South Africa 10.3% Share of population below minimum dietary energy consumption: high Eritrea 73%; low Gabon 5% Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2006 (World Bank)

82. Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at the Half-Way Point Goal Two: Achieve Universal Primary Education Net primary enrollment ratio as a % or relevant age group: high Seychelles 100% & Uganda 98%, Malawi 95%; low Djibouti 33% Primary Completion rate as a % of the relevant age group: high Seychelles and Mauritius 100%; low Niger 25% Youth Literacy Rate (ages 15-24): high Seychelles 99%, South Africa 94%; low Mali 24% Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2006 (World Bank)

83. Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at the Half-Way Point Goal Three: Promote Gender Equality and Empower Women: Ratio of girls to boys in primary and secondary school: high Cape Verde, Lesotho, Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda and South Africa all 100% or higher; low Chad 58% Ratio of young literate women to men (ages 15-24): high— Botswana, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Mauritius, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland all at 100% or higher; low Chad 42% Women members of national parliament as a % of total MPs: high— Rwanda 49%, Mozambique 35%, South Africa 33%; low Nigeria 6%, Kenya 7% Share of women employed in non-agricultural sector: high—Namibia 51%, Botswana 47%--most countries did not report Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2006 (World Bank)

84. Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at the Half-Way Point Goal Four: Significantly Reduce Child Mortality: Under five mortality rate (per 1,000): high—Sierra Leone 283, 10 countries with over 200 compared to 12 countries in 1990; low—Seychelles 14, Mauritius 15, Cape Verde 60, South Africa 66 Infant mortality rate (per 1,000 live births): high—Sierra Leone 165, 22 countries with greater than 100, compared to 26 countries in 1990; low—Seychelles 12, Mauritius 14, Namibia 47, South Africa 54 Child immunization rate/measles: high—six countries with 90% or higher; low—four countries lower than 50% compared to 9 countries with lower than 50% in 1990 Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2006 (World Bank)

85. Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at the Half-Way Point Goal Five: Significantly Improve Maternal Health: Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 live births: high Sierra Leone 2,000 with 16 countries with rates of 1,000 or above; low- Mauritius 24, with seven countries with 500 or lower. Births attended by skilled health staff as a % of total: high: Mauritius 99% with six countries at 85% and higher. Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2006 (World Bank)

86. Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at the Half-Way Point Goal Six: Significantly Combat HIV/AIDS, Malaria and other Diseases: Prevalence of HIV as % of 15-49 year age group (2005): high—Swaziland 33% and five countries with 20% or higher (down from 8 countries in 2002); low 27 countries with 5% or lower. Deaths due to malaria per 100,000 population: high— Niger 469 with nine countries above 200; low Kenya 64 (of area in which malaria is endemic) Tuberculosis infect rate per 100,00 population: high— Swaziland with 1,222 with seven countries with 500 or above. Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2006 (World Bank)

87. Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at the Half-Way Point Goal Seven: Ensure Environmental Sustainability Forest area as a % of total land: high—Gabon 85%, Congo (Brazzaville) 66%--almost all African countries suffered a loss of forest area between 1990 and 2005 Nationally protected areas as a share of total land area (%): high Zambia 31.9%, Tanzania 29.8%, with five countries at 15% or above; low Lesotho with 0.2% Population with sustainable access to an improved water source (%): high: Mauritius 100%, Botswana 95%, with 10 countries over 80% compared to four countries in 1990; Population with sustainable access to improved sanitation (%): high—Mauritius 99% with eight countries at 50% or higher compared three countries in 1990. Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2006 (World Bank)

88. Africa and the Millennium Development Goals at the Half-Way Point Goal Eight: Develop a Global Partnership for Development (hard to quantify & measure) Between 1990 and 2005 significant reduction in debt as per cent of GDP and of export earnings thanks to debt restructuring and debt forgiveness Mobile and Fixed line telephone subscribers per 1,000 people: high 842 Seychelles with 10 countries at 100 or higher compared to one country in 1990. Personal Computers per 1,000 persons: high—Mauritius 279, Seychelles 179 and Namibia 109; low 1 in Niger, with 16 countries at 5 or under. Source: Africa Development Indicators, 2006 (World Bank)

89. African Renaissance: Cause for Optimism? Concrete moves to end wars in Congo/Great Lakes; Angola, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Ethiopia/ Eritrea. Democratization: Africa’s Second Independence. Economic growth: a number of countries registering 5% annual growth-rates, 2000-2005. Birth of the African Union & NEPAD (New Economic Partnership for Africa’s Development.) Intelligence, commitment, and vibrancy of Africa’s youth.