1. Age of Imperialism:

2. An advertisement for Pears’ Soap: “The first step towards lightening is through teaching the virtues of cleanliness” the advertisement asserts. “Pears’ Soap is a potent factor in brightening the dark corners of the earth as civilization advances, while amongst the cultured of all nations it holds the highest place—it is the ideal toilet soap.”

3. OLD IMPERIALISM vs NEW IMPERIALSIM
The difference?

4. OLD IMPERIALISM: 16th-19th century AKA->Age of Exploration
European powers did not usually acquire territory for conquest (except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in Brazil) but rather built a series of trading stations.
Respected and frequently cooperated with local rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and other areas where trade flourished between locals and European coastal trading centers.
“Gold Glory, God!”

5. Under the old imperialism, the African claims of the Portuguese and Spanish were minimal.
Portuguese Territory
Spanish Territory

6. “CHRISTIANITY, COMMERCE, CIVILIZATION”
New Imperialism;
tended to favor direct conquest & formal empire
Africa and Asia had seen limited Euro. intrusion and most contacts had been coastal in nature…entire continents now came under Euro. Influence
2. pursued by economic needs created by the Ind. Rev.; exclusive control over resources!
3. motivated by political needs empire building, and social and religious reasons, as well.
“CHRISTIANITY, COMMERCE, CIVILIZATION”

7. European Motives For Colonization European Nationalism
Source for
Raw
Materials
Missionary Activity
Industrial
Revolution
European Motives
For Colonization
Markets for Finished Goods
Military & Naval Bases
Social Darwinism
European Racism
Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul.
Humanitarian Reasons
Soc. & Eco. Opportunities
“White Man’s Burden”

8. Causes/Motives of New Imperialism
1. Economic Reasons
2. Military & Political Reasons
3. Humanitarian, or Superiority Complex of the Europeans!
Racism, Ethnocentrism
4. Technology
5. Social Propaganda
Economic - Industrialization creates a need for new markets to send products and extract raw materials for production.
Military & Political Reasons
New military and naval bases to protect one's interests against other European powers
Br. concerned by Fr. & Ger. land grabs in 1880s; might seal off their empires with high tariffs & restrictions; future economic opportunities might be lost
Increased tensions between the “haves” (e.g. British Empire) and the “have not's" (e.g. Germany & Italy) who came in late to the imperialistic competition.
3. Humanitarian, or Superiority Complex of the Europeans!
Social Darwinism-Herbert Spencer applied Darwin’s theory of survival of the fittest to social life
Non-Europeans are seen as inferior. /

9. Technological Superiority
Maxim Automatic Machine Gun (1884)-first automatic machine gun
Steam Engine allows Europeans to sail deep into Africa and set-up trading post along rivers.
Railroads, Canals, and steam make travel easier and faster.
Medicine cures Malaria/
Medical advances-development of quinine an anti-malaria drug, in 1829.

10. Motives, con’t Civilize the World: Christianity
christianize “heathens”
“White Man’s Burden”

11. The “White Man’s Burden”
A phrase used to justify European imperialism in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries; it is the title of a poem by Rudyard Kipling. The phrase implies that imperialism was motivated by a high-minded desire of whites to uplift people of color.
Rudyard Kipling-

12. Interpretation-White Mans Burden
Take up the White Man’s burden– Send forth the best ye breed– Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives’ need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild– Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.
Interpretation?
Racist?
Ethnocentric?

13. How do you interpret Kipling’s poem?
Is he being Eurocentric and asserting that European culture has a duty to bring civilization to the rest of the world?
Is he using satire against notions of imperialism and making fun of these ideas of the superiority of the white race?
Here are some ways political cartoons and even advertisements depicted the so called “white man’s burden.”

14. White Man’s Burden

15. Voice From the Past
“I contend that we [Britons] are the finest race in the world, and the more of the world we inhabit, the better it is for the human race…it is our duty to seize every opportunity of acquiring more territory and we should keep this one idea steadily before our eyes that more territory simply means more of the Anglo-Saxon race, more of the best, the most human, most honourable race the world possesses.”
Cecil Rhodes, Confessions of Faith 1877

16. Lesson Focus
1. The Congo
2. British, Boers, Zulus..whose in charge?
3. ..and the winner is?

17. African Lands Become European Colonies

18. “Scramble for Africa”..1850’s on..
Africa is a land divided by many different African cultures and fighting among tribes.
Known as the “Dark Continent”
African weapons are no match for the European weapons.
1880 – “The Scramble for Africa”-single most remarkable development in the new imperialism
Discovery of Gold and Diamonds speed up the “Scramble for Africa”

19. History of South Africa-the Congo sparks interest!
Belgians began to trade with Africans in the Congo.
Fearing they would miss out on various raw materials, the other European nations scrambled to establish their presence on the continent.

20. Exploration of the Congo…the “Players”
David Livingstone
Leopold II
Henry Stanley

21. Africa
1880, Europeans controlled 10% of Africa; by 1914 controlled all except Liberia & Ethiopia
Belgian Congo
At behest of Leopold II,
H. M. Stanley established trading stations, signed “treaties” with African chiefs, and claimed land for Belgium – rubber tree plantations were created
Leopold’s incursion into Congo basin also raised the question of the political fate of black Africa
Notorious for brutality

22. Livingstone David Livingstone Scottish missionary/doctor
1860s traveled deep into Africa
disappeared.
Many people thought Livingstone was dead.

23. Stanley and Livingstone
The New York Herald hired Henry Stanley to travel to Africa to find Livingstone. Stanley was given an unlimited amount of money for this expedition.
When Stanley found Dr. Livingstone (Nov. 1871) he is reported to have said this famous greeting, “Dr. Livingstone, I presume?”, which made headlines around the world. Fabrication??
On his return, he wrote a book about his experiences: How I Found Livingstone; travels, adventures, and discoveries in Central Africa.

24. The Congo Sparks Interest
New York Herald, in partnership with Britain's Daily Telegraph financed to explore Africa and trace the Congo.
King Leopold II of Belgium commissioned Stanley(1874) to serve as an envoy to organize the Congo Free State.
Stanley signed treaties with local chiefs who gave Leopold II control over these lands.

25. Stanley
Wrote, Through the Dark Continent, that "the savage only respects force, power, boldness, and decision”.
inspiration for Joseph Conrad's Heart of Darkness

26. Some 10 Million Victims killed or maimed! (50% of Population)
It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery...The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead... This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit Belgian Official

27. Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

28. European Imperialism at its worst!
1908 English cartoon,
“Leopold, King of the Congo, in
his national dress.”
Focuses on the barbaric practice of
cutting off hands & feet of Africans
who refused to gather rubber as
demanded!
Page 797./

29. Was it all bad??
Schools, hospitals, railroad, steamboats=industrialization
Quinine
Improved living conditions...if one was alive!
To Discuss: Is there any time that death/genocide can be outweighed by “benefits?”

30. Berlin Conference (1884-1885) Otto von Bismarck & Jules Ferry
Established rules for colonizing Africa.
Any European country can control land as long as they can control the territory and notify the other European nations first.
“effective occupation!” was the rule for takeover set by this conference
No Africans were invited!/

31. Britain’s claims in Africa were second in size only to France, but included heavily populated areas with greater natural resources.
British Territory
Britain controlled Egypt because of its strategic location.

32. The Struggle
For
South Africa

33. Dutch Landing in 1652—Dutch came with the Dutch East India company & settled here./

34. Diamond Mines
Raw Diamonds

35. The Boers

36. AFRICA South Africa The Boers
In the mid-1600s, Dutch farmers known as Boers (also called Afrikaners). settled in southern Africa in Cape Colony. The Boers built Cape Town as a supply station.
AFRICA
Boers
In the 1700s, the Dutch herders and ivory hunters began to move north. The British then acquired Cape Colony in the early 1800s.
Cape Colony
Cape Colony
Cape
Town

37. The Great Trek,
1830’s – Great Trek – Boers move north to escape British and clash with Zulu.
Afrikaners

38. The Zulus

39. Shaka conquered & united tribes to form the Zulu nation.
South Africa
The Zulus
Shaka
Zulu
Early 1800s
Shaka conquered & united tribes to form the Zulu nation.
Zulu
Nation
Cape Colony
Cape
Town

40. Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)

41. South Africa
The Zulus
Zulus: skilled and organized fighters
Shaka used his power and fought against European slave traders and ivory hunters.

42. South Africa
Zulus
The Zulus also fought the Boers as they migrated north from Cape Colony.
Boers
Cape Colony

43. South Africa
1859:The Zulus vs. British
British eventually destroy the Zulu empire.

44. “The Colossus of Rhodes”
Cecil Rhodes ( )
“The Colossus of Rhodes”

45. CECIL RHODES ( )
British businessman and politician in southern Africa
Made a fortune from African diamond mines
Established South African Company
Land later became Rhodesia (Zimbabwe)
Prime minister of Cape Colony ( )
Wanted British control over South Africa
Wanted Cape-to-Cairo Railroad
Architect of British imperialism in southern Africa
Great Britain became leading colonial power in southern Africa/

46. Cecil Rhodes (1853-1902)—pg. 798-Individuals in Society
Capetown to Cairo
Annex the Boer Republic
“The Colossus of Rhodes”

47. South Africa The Boer War late 1800s:
the discovery of gold and diamonds in the northern Boer territory set off the Anglo-Boer war
: War
guerrilla fighting.
British win
British
Boers

48. Boers
Boers
British

49. British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill
A Future British Prime Minister
British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill

50. The Boer War: 1899 – 1902
“total war!”
The British
The Boers

51. The Struggle for South Africa

52. 1899 –1902 Boer War – Dutch vs. British
The Dutch use commando/ gorilla tactics.
British burn farms and establish the 1st disease-ridden concentration camps by imprisoning Dutch women and children.
1902 – Britain wins the war defeating the Boers. The British combine Dutch states to create British controlled union of South Africa.
1910-British creates, Union of South Africa. Apartheid begins and will last until the 1990’s!!/

53. South Africa
In 1910
British established the Republic of South Africa and instituted apartheid.
Apartheid: government policy calling for separation of the races
Nelson Mandela; F.W. DeKlerk
Elections 1994: first in South Africa with universal suffrage
The new multicolored flag of South Africa adopted in 1994 to mark the end of Apartheid/

54. Liberia Independent Africans
After the slave trade was outlawed, abolitionists in the United States promoted the idea of returning freed slaves to Africa.
1822:
American Colonization Society to settle freed American slaves in West Africa
Africa’s oldest republic
The former slaves named the capital city Monrovia in his honor.
President
Monroe

55. Liberia

56. Ethiopia
Independent Africans
Ethiopia developed under Emperor Menelik II
modernized the army, along with roads, bridges, and schools.
Routed an Italian invasion in 1896 to est. independence
No others tried to take Ethiopia
Last emperor was Haile Selassie, deposed in 1974

57. Ethiopia
Menelik

59. Pg. 796

60. Conclusion

61. India—pg. 804 China—pg. 807 Japan—pg. 806
Imperialism in Asia—Europeans conquer, colonize, but when it came to Asian migration to Europe”great white walls” What were the great white walls?
India—pg. 804
China—pg. 807
Japan—pg. 806

62. British in India
British East India company controlled much of India using sepoys.
Crops: opium poppies for sale in China and cotton and tea for sale in the rest of the British empire
Cotton textile making outlawed in India
“Jewel in the Crown.”
Sepoys – Native Hindu or Muslim mercenary private police
Conquer last independent state in 1848

63. England & India
Br. intro’d policies that challenged local traditions assoc. w/ caste, such as the sati
the Br. forced sepoys to accept overseas service, which also violated caste
The Br. also ran into trouble w/ the Lee-Enfield rifle : soldiers had to bite the tip off the cartridge, which were supposedly dipped in animal fat (another violation of caste)

64. Sepoy Mutiny (Great Rebellion)
soldiers who wouldn’t load their rifles were imprisoned…once freed, they killed Br. officers and marched on Delhi, restoring a Moghul emperor to the throne
GB took control over the next year, taking control from the E. India Co. thru the Gov’t of India Act (Victoria as “empress”)—>”RAJ”
British reforms in India continued: modern system of education (to train Indian civil servants), economic reforms (post/telegraphs, irrigation, railroads, tea plantations), creation of unified state.

65. Areas of the Sepoy Mutiny

66. Queen Victoria in India

67. Queen Victoria: Receiving the Crown of India—direct rule until 1947 when India gained independence

68. Lord Kitchener quote: pg. 805
“Kitch” (Horatio Herbert) was one of the most distinguished top military commanders in India
To which of the causes of New Imperialism does his statement, apply?
Review the picture pg. 805-Imperial Complexities in India

69. The Sun Never Sets on the British Empire

70. Imperialism in China
A shocked mandarin in Manchu robe in the back, with Queen Victoria (UK), William II (Germany), Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France), and a samurai (Japan) cutting up a pie with Chine ("China" in French) written on it.

71. Imperialism in China
Because of repeated attempts at invasion, China distrusted foreigners and tried to remain isolationist.
Britain gained spheres of influence in China through smuggling opium. Resulted in Opium War and Boxer Uprising.

72. Other remnants of the “Old Imperialism”
First Opium War ( ) Chinese gov’t tried to halt Br. From importing opium. War resulted!
Treaty of Nanking (1842) : Forced China to cede Hong Kong to Britain forever, pay large indemnity and open up 5 ports to foreign trade with low tariffs.

73. Listening to the past- pg. 808
Lin Zexu’s"Letter of Advice to Queen Victoria" was written before the outbreak of the Opium Wars. It was a remarkably frank document, especially given the usual highly stylized language of Chinese diplomacy. There remains some question whether Queen Victoria ever read the letter.
Lin Zexu(zex-shoe)

74. China: carved into spheres of influence in late 19th century; this meant outside powers claimed exclusive trading rights
U.S. did not take part in this, instead supporting the:
Open Door Policy
1899, sought to open commerce to imperial latecomers like itself, urged the Europeans to allow free trade within China while respecting its territorial integrity.

75. The Open Door Policy Sec.-State, John Hay.
Give all nations equal access to trade in China.
Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

76. The Open Door Policy

77. Boxer Rebellion
Boxer Rebellion, 1900: Patriotic uprising by Chinese nationalists against Western encroachment, was put down by imperial powers in 1900; Manchu/Qing dynasty, LAST imperial dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912, would soon fall
Captured Boxer--- Prisoners guarded by soldiers of the Sixth United States Cavalry, 1901
Empress Tsu Hsi

78. China’s Response: Boxer Rebellion
In 1900 they besieged the foreign embassies in Beijing
A heavily armed force of British, French, Russian, US, German, and Japanese troops crushed the rebellion
Calvin P. Titus won the Medal of Honor leading the American attack over the Chinese City Wall 

79. 1. What are the Chinese Boxer rebels doing in this image?
2. Symbolically, what do you think the railroad represents to Europeans, and why might Europeans find the symbolism of destroying a railroad disturbing?
3. Why would a newspaper run regular special issues on the Boxer rebellion?
Have students discuss this image of Boxers and European perceptions of the Chinese.
1. What are the Chinese Boxer rebels doing in this image?
(Answers: destroying a railroad, burning a rail station, laying an ambush for a train.)
2. Symbolically, what do you think the railroad represents to Europeans, and why might Europeans find the symbolism of destroying a railroad disturbing?
(Answers: industrialization, modernism, commerce, greatness of European civilization, spread of European industry to their empires, not just destroying a railroad, but Boxers attacking European influence and power.)
3. Why would a newspaper run regular special issues on the Boxer rebellion? (Answers: concern for French citizens and interests in China, curiosity about a foreign people and events far away, creates alarm about these events, builds support among French people for intervention.)

80. Dr. Sun Yat-sen
Dr. Sun Yat-sen a revolutionary, sought to overthrow the Manchu dynasty and established a republic(1911); sparked the beginning of a Chinese nationalist movement “Father of Modern China.”

81. Imperialism in JAPAN

82. Japan
Only major Asian country that DID NOT become a victim of imperialism!
Gunboat Diplomacy
The American commodore, Matthew Perry, threatened to attack unless Japan permitted trade and opened ports to the United States.
Commodore Matthew Perry (U.S.): who compelled the opening of Japan to trade in 1853
Perry died on March 4, 1858 in New York City, of liver cirrhosis due to alcoholism

83. Japan
Unlike China, Japan quickly modernized and became an imperial power by late 19th century
Meji Restoration, 1867: resulted in series of reforms to compete with the West. Restoration of the “emperor.” Lasted for 45 years.

84. Russo-Japanese War (1904)
Russia and Japan both had designs on Manchuria and Korea
Japanese concerned about Russian Trans-Siberian Railway across Manchuria
Japan destroyed Russian fleet off coast of Korea and won major battles on land although Russians turned the tide on land
1st time an Asian country defeated a European power in over 200 years!!

85. Russo-Japanese War (1904) Treaty of Portsmouth
(mediated by U.S. president Theodore Roosevelt) ended war with Japan winning major concessions (preferred position in Manchuria, protectorate in Korea, half of Sakhalin Island – Japan also went on to annex Korea
Long-term impact of war: Russia turned to the Balkans, and Russia’s political situation deteriorated further, leading to the Russian Rev.
Japan’s victory stimulated Asian nationalism – various Asian peoples hoped to emulate Japanese power and win their independence

86. Imperialism in America??
Early imperialism called Manifest Destiny – to expand from “sea to shining sea.” Indian wars, the Mexican War and the Civil War have been called examples of such imperialism.
Americans moved out into the Pacific Ocean in the nineteenth century (1800s). Took control of Hawaii.
Japan – in 1853 Commodore Matthew Perry
Japanese opened up trade to everyone. By 1830, Japan itself was an imperialist power, taking control of the Pacific. This led to American involvement in WWII. opened up trade with Japan by threatening military action
Fought a war with Spain in Acquired the Philippines, Guam and Puerto Rico. (Spanish American War)/

87. Imperialism in Latin America: US
In 1823 President James Monroe issued the Monroe Doctrine that warned European states against imperialist designs in the western hemisphere
Any European attempt to reassert control over former colonies or to establish new ones would be considered as a threat against the US and an act of provocation
The Monroe Doctrine served as a justification for US intervention in hemispheric affairs/

88. US: Imperialism in Panama
In 1903 the US supported a rebellion against Colombia and helped rebels establish a breakaway state of Panama
In exchange for the support, the US won the right to build a canal across Panama and control the adjacent territory known as the Panama Canal Zone/

89. US: Imperialism in Panama
Between 1904 and 1914, the US built the Panama Canal which links the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans without having to transit Cape Horn/
Gatun locks under construction in 1910

90. Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine
In 1904 the government of the Dominican Republic went bankrupt
President Theodore Roosevelt feared that Germany and other nations might intervene forcibly to collect their debts 
Roosevelt asserted that “in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power....”/

91. Our “Sphere of Influence”

92. The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914
Causes
Nationalism
To gain power, European nations compete for colonies and trade.
Imperialism
Economic Competition
Europeans
exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonized.
Demand for raw materials and new markets spurs a search for colonies.
Missionary Spirit
Europeans believe they must spread their Christian teachings to the world.

93. The Age of Imperialism, 1850-1914
Effects
Colonization
Europeans control land and people in areas of Africa, Asia, and Latin America.
Imperialism
Colonial Economics
Europeans
exerted influence over the economic, political, and social lives of people they colonized.
Europeans control trade in the colonies and set up dependent cash-crop economies.
Christianization
Christianity is spread to Africa, India, and Asia.

94. Consequences of Imperialism
1. beginning of a global economy
2. native culture & industry was destroyed.
3. brought confrontation between cultures
4. created political problems

95. British Commonwealth of Nations
replaces her empire: intergovernmental organization of 54 independent member states, all but two of which were formerly part of the British Empire
The Commonwealth is not a political union, but an intergovernmental organization through which countries with diverse social, political and economic backgrounds are regarded as equal in status

96. Con’t-British Commonwealth
Established: November 18, 1926
The symbol of this free association is the Head of the Commonwealth, which is a ceremonial position currently held by Queen Elizabeth II.
Official language is English
54 nations
Headquarters:
Marlborough House, London, UK