1. Liberal Reform in Industrial Britain
pp. 258, 262

2. Rotten borough
British practice of giving many votes to districts with a few rich people
And few votes to districts having many poor people.
British reformers sought to end this, and did.

3. electorate The people who are eligible to vote in a district
Reforms in Britain, France, and the US allowed more and more people to vote from the 19th to 20th centuries.
Lower-class men
Women
18 year-olds

4. Secret ballot
New system were voters did not have to declare publicly whom they were voting for.
Encouraged more people to vote.

5. Queen Victoria British monarch, 1837 to 1901
EC: Values of the Victorian Age (3)
Duty
Thrift
Honesty
Hard work
Respectability
Strict moral code
Manners

6. Benjamin Disraeli Conservative (Tory) Party leader in the 1860s
EC: Tory reforms included (2)
Reform Bill, 1862
Vote for many working class men
Gladstone asking Disraeli to do something sensational to give the papers something to write about

7. William Gladstone
Liberal Party leader and Prime Minister in the 1860s,
EC: Liberal reforms included (2)
Vote for farm workers and most other men
Secret ballot

8. Parliamentary democracy
A form of government in which the executive leaders are chosen by the members of the ruling party, not by the public.
They are also responsible to those members
Includes the Prime Minister and other ministers.

9. Liberal Control of Parliament
As Parliament’s liberal seat-holders increased, it began responding to various groups’ demands.
Free trade:
International trade with no quotas, tariffs, or other regulations or restrictions.
Quota: max number of something allowed
Tariff: tax on imports
Businessmen wanted access to the largest markets possible.
Consumers would benefit from competition and a wider selection of goods.

10. Repeal: To cancel a government law or act.
The Corn Laws were repealed.
British grain farmers kept the price high by prohibiting imports to protect their profits.
Liberal reformers wanted to allow more grain imports to lower prices so lower class people could afford good.

11. Abolition movement:
Growing number of British people demanded that their government ban slavery
Britain was the first to make it illegal in 1807
It ended slavery in its colonies in 1833.
British Navy sent out
To destroy slave selling locations in Africa
To confiscate slave cargoes at sea.
Most other countries were slow to follow, regrettably

12. Crime and Punishment—
The beginning of the modern criminal justice system began at this time.
Capital offense:
A crime punished by death.
Some felt that death was a bit strict for many offenses—
Shoplifting
Livestock stealing
Impersonating officials/veterans
Executions were public, with some turning into crowded spectacles.
Criminals’ bodies would be put on display or given to medical schools.
Soon, only piracy, murder, treason, and arson were capital offenses.

13. What to do with hardened criminals?
Penal colony:
Nations with colonies could banish their convict there.
Britain used Georgia before the Revolution
Later it used Australia and New Zealand.
France used Guyana, in South America

14. Ireland’s Problems with the English.
Absentee landlord:
English owners of Irish lands, but not living in Ireland.
They exacted high rents on Irish tenant farmers
Irish people were near or at poverty
They could evict Irish tenants for no reason and often did.
They also had to pay tithes (church tax) to the Protestant Anglican Church (English) even though they were Catholic.

15. Home rule: Self government for a part of an empire. Irish demanded it.
Charles Stewart Parnell’s movement demanded that Irish be allowed to run their own local affairs, and Britain would run its foreign matters.
The “Irish Question” dragged on for decades in Parliament and disrupted other British legislation.

16. Standards Check, p. 259
How was the British Parliament reformed during the early 1800s?
The electorate was expanded to include middle-class men.
Seats in Parliament were redistributed to reflect the movement of population out of rotten boroughs.

17. Standards Check, p. 260
What values did Queen Victoria represent and how did these values relate to economic reform?
Duty, thrift, honesty, hard work, and respectability
Promoted reform because they were widely adopted by people at all levels of society.

18. Thinking Critically, p. 261
1 Which group in the early 1800s do you think most feared the “democratization” of Britain? Why?
Aristocrats; because they stood to lose the most power in Parliament.
2 How did the Parliament bill in 1911 reflect the same trends occurring as a result of the reform?
It gave the House of Commons more political power than the House of Lords.

19. Standards Check, p. 261
QuestionHow was Parliament reformed during the late 1800s and early 1900s?
Suffrage was extended to almost all men
The secret ballot was adopted
The House of Lords lost its power to veto tax bills.

20. Standards Check, p. 263
How did abolition and criminal justice reform reflect Victorian values?
Both reforms were driven by a sense of morality and duty

21. EC: Was Social Reform Good for Communism? (4)
No,
Government economic and social reforms for the lower classes satisfied many demands and improved their standard of living.
More people could take advantage of and benefit from the capitalist economy.

22. Standards Check, p. 265
Describe several welfare reforms during the 1800s and early 1900s.
Laws that …..
improved public health and housing for workers
provided for free elementary education for all children,
protected the well-being of the poor and disadvantaged.

23. Standards Check, p. 265
Why do you think women disagreed about how best to gain suffrage?
Large groups of people often include people who have many different views, even if they share the same goal.

24. Thinking Critically, p. 266 1 1851-1860 2 A human-made disaster
Although the potato crops were ruined by nature, people starved
remaining food supplies were exported for money by the English absentee landlords.

25. Standards Check, p. 267
How did English policies toward Ireland affect the cause of Irish Nationalism?
Harsh laws and the poor government response to the potato famine led many Irish people to
mistrust the British
support Irish nationalism.

26. p. 268, thinking critically
1. What are some possible “pull” factors for Irish emigrants? How do the “push” and “pull” factors for voluntary migration differ from those for involuntary migration? A.
The chance for a better life
Large amount of land and job opportunities
Religious freedom B.
With voluntary migration,
people make their own decisions
The “push factors” might not lead all people to leave, and different migrants might be pulled to different destinations
With involuntary migration,
the push to leave comes from the government or other outside forces, which might also determine where the migrants move to.

27. Quick Write
What made Queen Victoria such a beloved leader to her subjects?

28. Potato Famine 266
Write a letter from the point of view of an Irish farmer.
What happened to your crops?
What were the British doing to make the situation worse?
What is happening to the people around you?
Where are your friends and family going?
What are you going to do?
Write a letter in narrative form to either:
British officials asking for help
Family discussing your hardships and leaving Ireland
Other Irish Citizens about your anger towards the British