1. GEOG 80 Transport Geography Professor: Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Hofstra University, Department of Global Studies & Geography Topic 4 – Transport Terminals A.The Function of Transport Terminals B.Ports and Rail Terminals C.Airport Terminals

2. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue A – THE FUNCTION OF TRANSPORT TERMINALS 1. Transport Terminals 2. Passengers Terminals 3. Freight Terminals 4. Terminal Costs

3. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 1. Transport Terminals ■Concept Any location where freight and passengers either originates, terminates, or is handled in the transportation process. All spatial flows involve movements between terminals: Except personal vehicular and pedestrian trips. Cannot travel individually, but in batches. People have to go to bus terminals and airports first to reach their final destinations. Freight has to reach a port, a rail yard or a distribution center before onward shipment. Terminals are essential links in transportation chains: Consolidation. Deconsolidation. Transshipment.

4. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Major Features of Transport Terminals Location Serve a large concentration of population and/or industrial activities. Specific terminals have specific locational constraints. New transport terminals: outside central areas to avoid high land costs and congestion. Accessibility Accessibility to other terminals (at the local, regional and global scale). How well the terminal is linked to the regional transport system. Infrastructure Handle and transship freight or passengers. Must accommodate current traffic and anticipate future needs. Modern terminal infrastructures require massive investments.

5. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Centrality and Intermediacy Range Centrality Intermediacy Hub (Interception) Gateway Hub (Transcalar)

6. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 2. Passengers Terminals ■Overview Passenger terminals require relatively little specific equipment. Simple structures. Basic amenities (waiting areas, ticket counters, food services). ■Airports The most complex terminals. Passengers may spend several hours in the terminal. Transiting, check-in and security checks, baggage pick up and customs and immigration on international arrivals. Wide range of services. Provide the very specific needs of the aircraft.

7. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Main Concourse, Madrid Airport, Spain

8. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 3. Freight Terminals ■Specialized entities Specific loading and unloading equipment. Wide range of handling gear is required. Differentiated functionally: Mode (maritime, rail). Commodities (oil, grain, coal). Bulk, general cargo and container terminals. ■Warehousing Assembling bundles of goods: Time-consuming and storage may be required. Specialized infrastructures: Grain silos, storage tanks, and refrigerated warehouses, or simply space to stockpile.

9. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Hong Kong International Distribution Center

10. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Main Types of Freight Terminals Bulk Large quantities, unpackaged and of uniform dimensions. Liquid bulk (crude oil and refined products); handled using pumps; significant storage facilities required. Dry bulk (ores, coal and cereals); More equipment is required; specialized grabs and cranes and conveyer-belt systems. General cargo Many shapes, dimensions and weights. Machinery, processed materials and parts. Because the goods are so uneven and irregular, handling is difficult to mechanize. Usually requires a lot of labor. Containers Minimal labor requirements; significant amount of storage space. Simple paved areas where containers can be stacked and retrieved with a set of cranes, straddlers and holsters. Specialized cranes.

11. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Modal Separation in Space: Europa Terminal in Antwerp Trucks Deepsea services Rail Barges

12. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Distance Road Rail Maritime C1 C2 C3 Terminal Costs T1 T2 T3 Cost Infrastructure costs Construction and maintenance costs. Facilities (piers, runways, cranes and structures). Transshipment costs Composing, handling and decomposing passengers or freight. Labor requirement of terminal facilities. Administration costs Managed by institutions such as port or airport authorities or by private companies.

13. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Factors behind the Interest of Equity Firms in Transport Terminals Asset (Intrinsic value) Globalization made terminal assets more valuable. Terminals occupy premium locations (waterfront) that cannot be substituted. Traffic growth linked with valuation. Same amount of land generates a higher income. Terminals as fairly liquid assets. Source of income (Operational value) Income (rent) linked with traffic volume. Constant revenue stream with limited, or predictable, seasonality. Traffic growth expectations result in income growth expectations. Diversification (Risk mitigation value) Sectorial and geographical asset diversification. Terminals at different locations help mitigate risks linked with a specific regional or national market.

14. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue B – PORTS AND RAIL TERMINALS 1. Port Sites 2. Port Functions 3. Rail Terminals

15. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 1. Port Sites ■Ports Convergence between two domains of freight circulation: Land and maritime domains. Facilitates convergence between land transport and maritime systems. Handle the largest amounts of freight, more than any other types of terminals combined. Infrastructures to accommodate transshipment activities. Administration: Submitted to authorities. Regulating infrastructure investments, its organization and development and its relationships with customers using its services.

16. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 1. Port Sites Maritime access Physical capacity of the site. Tidal range: Cannot handle variations of more than 3 meters. Channel and berth depths: coping with growing ship size. Panamax ship (65,000 deadweight tons) requires more than 12 meters (40 feet) of depth. Maritime interface Amount of space that is available to support maritime access. Related to the amount of shoreline. Guarantee its future development and expansion. Infrastructures Piers, cranes and warehouses. Consume land which must be available to insure port expansion. Land access Access from the port to industrial complexes and markets. Requires efficient inland distribution systems, such as fluvial, rail (mainly for containers) and road transportation.

17. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The Evolution of a Port (Anyport Model) Setting Expansion Specialization 1 2 2 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 Downtown Urban expansion Terminal facilities Port-related activities Rail Highway Water depth Reconversion 3

18. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Evolution of the Port of Rotterdam

19. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 2. Port Functions ■Main functions Supply services to freight (warehousing, transshipment, etc.). Supply services to ships (piers, refueling, repairs, etc.). Concomitantly a maritime and land terminal. Hong Kong: Natural site. Geographical position of a transit harbor for southern China. Singapore: Outlet of the strategic Strait of Malacca. Convergence of Southeast Asian transportation. New York: Gateway of the North American Midwest. Hudson / Erie canal system.

20. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 2. Port Functions ■Port activities About 4,600 ports in are in operation worldwide. Less than 100 ports have a global importance. High level of concentration in a limited number of large ports. Linked to maritime access and infrastructure development. Gateways of continental distribution systems. Containerization has substantially changed port dynamics. ■Port types Monofunctionnal ports: Transit a limited array of commodities, most often dry or liquid bulks. Specialized piers. Polyfunctionnal ports: Several transshipment and industrial activities are present. Variety of specialized and general cargo piers.

21. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Container Ports of More than 1 Million TEU, 2007

22. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Monthly Container Traffic at the Port of Los Angeles, 1995-2010

23. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Configuration of a Maritime Container Terminal Empties Docking area Container crane Container storage Loading / unloading area On dock rail terminal Gate Administration Repair / maintenance Truck loading / unloading Chassis storage Rail Road

24. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Port Elizabeth, New York

25. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Intermediate Hub Terminals Hub-and-Spoke Hub Feeder Relay Deep-sea line Interlining 85% of Transshipment Traffic Interface between short distance feeder lines and long distance deep- sea lines, linking regional and global shipping networks. 15% of Transshipment Traffic Point of interchange between several long distance shipping lines. Interface between several pendulum routes along the same maritime range, but servicing a different array of port calls.

26. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue World’s Main Intermediate Hubs, 2007

27. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 2. Port Functions Port Site Space consumption Lateral spread Maritime Access Access channel Dredging Land Access Port / city competition for land Connection to inland transportation (road, rail and barge) Maritime Space Land Space Infrastructures Interface

28. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The American Waterway System and Channel Depth at Major Container Ports

29. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 3. Rail Terminals ■Location Not as space-extensive as airports and ports. Suffer less from site constraints: Many established prior to the Second World War. Cities were more compact and land acquisition was easier. Passengers and freight terminals: Different locations. Central railway stations: Feature of most cities and tend to be located in downtown areas. Key elements of urban centrality and activity. Freight rail stations: Consume more space. Tend to be located at the periphery. Older yards tend to be located at the margin of CBDs.

30. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Centraal Train Station, Amsterdam

31. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue TGV Train at Gare de Lyon, Paris, France

32. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Antwerp Centraal Train Station, Belgium

33. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Quai d'Orsay Museum, Paris, France

34. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Configuration of a Rail Container Terminal Container / Chassis Pick Up / Drop Off / Storage Classification Yard Gate / Administration Repair / maintenance Chassis storage Intermodal Yard 1 km Rail Track OperationsStorage Yard OperationsGate Operations

35. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Bedford Rail Yard, Chicago

36. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue C – AIRPORT TERMINALS 1. Airport Sites 2. Airport Functions

37. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Geographical Scales of Airport Location International / Regional Local Role and function in the international and regional urban system. Centrality (being an origin and destination of air traffic) and intermediacy (a hub or a gateway between destinations). Level of accessibility of the airport over the metropolitan area it services. Daily flows of planes, passengers, freight to and from the airport's terminals.

38. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Air Terminals: The Technical Support of Air Transportation Terminal Isle Terminal Shuttles 1 2 3 Airfield Runways and parking areas. About 3,300 meters (10,000 feet; 747 to takeoff). Slope (less 1%), altitude and meteorological conditions. About 32 movements (landings and takeoffs) per hour are possible on a commercial runway under optimal conditions. Freight and passenger transit infrastructures. Infrastructures for plane accommodation. Linked with local transport systems.

39. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Newark Airport, terminal C

40. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue O’Hare Airport Modernization Program

41. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 1. Airport Sites ■Land requirements Land required by modern airport operations is considerable: Landing and take off of planes. Buffer between the adjacent urban areas to limit the noise generated. Parking areas in airports located in car dependent cities. Peripheral sites: Sufficient quantities of land available. The more recently an airport was constructed, the more likely this airport is to be located far from the city center. Expansion and relocation: Extremely difficult. Most airports have grown at locations chosen in the 1950s and 1960s. Most airports are now surrounded. Only sites available are far from the urban core.

42. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Airport Location Factors Benefits Externalities Suitability High Low City Center High Low Commuting radius High Low Location Ring

43. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Distance from CBD and Age of the World’s 30 Largest Airports

44. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Recently Completed Airports by Cost CountryAirportYear OpenedCost (USD Billions) ChinaHong Kong (Chek Lap Kok)199820.1 JapanOsaka (Kansai International)199414.4 JapanNagoya (Centrair)20057.3 South KoreaSeoul (Incheon International)20015.8 GermanyMunich (Franz Strauss)19925.3 USADenver International19954.2 MalaysiaKuala Lumpur International19983.2 ThailandBangkok (Suvarnabhumi)20063.3 ChinaGuangzhou (Baiyun)20042.5 ChinaShanghai (Pudong)19991.4

45. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Site of the Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Terminal Logistics and cargo area LRT To Kowloon and Hong Kong Train station Future Terminal Expansion

46. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Aerial View of Hong Kong Chek Lap Kok Airport Terminal

47. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Kansai International Airport, Osaka Bay, Japan

48. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Aerial View of the Dallas / Fort Worth Airport

49. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Phosavan Airfield, Laos

50. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue The Central Park Airport in Manhattan…

51. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue 2. Airport Functions ■Airport activities Terminal activities: Parking, ground transportation, checking in, baggage-claiming, restoration, retailing and maintenance. Provide services to passengers and freight. Airfield activities: Loading and unloading planes, maintenance and traffic control. Provide services to aircrafts. ■Economic functions Improved economic opportunities. Employment (USA): $500 billion of economic activity. 1.9 million direct and 4.8 million indirect jobs. Global service activities. Passengers and freight airports.

52. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Passenger Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2008

53. © Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue Freight Traffic at the World’s Largest Airports, 2008