1. The Reformation and Counter Reformation Martin Luther

2. What is the Reformation? A religious reform movement, that caught fire in Germany A religious reform movement, that caught fire in Germany Lead to the establishment of Protestant Churches Lead to the establishment of Protestant Churches

3. What is the counter reformation? The Catholic response to the Reformation. The Catholic response to the Reformation. It was an attempt to address many of those issues that had inspired the German unrest It was an attempt to address many of those issues that had inspired the German unrest An attempt to re-assert Catholic authority over all Europe An attempt to re-assert Catholic authority over all Europe

4. What was Europe before the Reformation? Until 1517 there was a uniform European community culture. Until 1517 there was a uniform European community culture. How so? How so?

5. Why did the Reformation occur? Too many crusades Too many crusades The Great Schism The Great Schism -1050 AD after 4 th crusade -1378 Western Schism Absentee Bishops Absentee Bishops Church too concerned with wealth and power Church too concerned with wealth and power Corrupt leaders - Pope Alex VI supported his son (think about this one) Corrupt leaders - Pope Alex VI supported his son (think about this one) Legalisms such as Indulgences Legalisms such as Indulgences Funded the building of St Peter’s Basilica Funded the building of St Peter’s Basilica Simony Simony Superstitions – the sale of relics. Superstitions – the sale of relics. Veneration of Saints Veneration of Saints Worms Cathedral

6. Who is John Tetzel? A seller of indulgences being used to fund raise for the St Peter’s Basilica. A seller of indulgences being used to fund raise for the St Peter’s Basilica. He was active in Germany when Luther wrote the 95 Theses. He was active in Germany when Luther wrote the 95 Theses.

7. What are the 95 Theses? A series of arguments against the manner in which the Catholic Church was carrying on its business composed by Martin Luther. A series of arguments against the manner in which the Catholic Church was carrying on its business composed by Martin Luther. Martin Luther did not intend to overthrow the church, he just wanted to reform it. Martin Luther did not intend to overthrow the church, he just wanted to reform it.

8. What are the seven sacraments practiced by the Catholic Church? baptism baptism communion communion confirmation confirmation marriage marriage unction or last rights unction or last rights confession confession priesthood priesthood

9. What did Martin Luther think was essential to successful religious life? The just shall live by faith The just shall live by faith Primacy of scripture Primacy of scripture Priesthood of all believers Priesthood of all believers Use of vernacular Use of vernacular Abolition of priesthood and monasticism Abolition of priesthood and monasticism

10. Why did the Germans react so strongly to the Reformation? fractured nature of their territory fractured nature of their territory there were no German Cardinals there were no German Cardinals Humanism in Germany had increased the level of piety in Germany Humanism in Germany had increased the level of piety in Germany Luther’s doctrine of salvation through faith represented a simplification of the ritual Luther’s doctrine of salvation through faith represented a simplification of the ritual German cultural Renaissance German cultural Renaissance Local Princes were interested in keeping all tax revenue that flowed to Italy in their own region to stimulate growth or at least enrich themselves Local Princes were interested in keeping all tax revenue that flowed to Italy in their own region to stimulate growth or at least enrich themselves

11. What were the results of the Reformation The Great Peasant War The Great Peasant War Shamefully Luther sided with the princes to guard their divinely appointed authority. Shamefully Luther sided with the princes to guard their divinely appointed authority. Agriculture collapsed in Germany and didn’t fully recover until the 19th century. Agriculture collapsed in Germany and didn’t fully recover until the 19th century. Strengthened by Luther’s doctrine of obediently obeying the state Strengthened by Luther’s doctrine of obediently obeying the state Christianity became increasingly politicized between Protestants and Catholics by leaders who were not concerned with the hereafter but with their own temporal agendas. Their claims of religious sanction gave them permission to prosecute all sorts of inhumanities in the name of God. Sadly the world is ever thus. Christianity became increasingly politicized between Protestants and Catholics by leaders who were not concerned with the hereafter but with their own temporal agendas. Their claims of religious sanction gave them permission to prosecute all sorts of inhumanities in the name of God. Sadly the world is ever thus.

12. Who is John Calvin and what were his beliefs? That God’s honour and omnipotence demanded unconditional obedience That God’s honour and omnipotence demanded unconditional obedience man was predestined to salvation man was predestined to salvation “the elect” “the elect” Success in this world was considered of one’s inclusion amongst the elect, Success in this world was considered of one’s inclusion amongst the elect,

13. What Are the Jesuits? An order appointed to educate through the force of reason to convert heretics back to Catholicism. An order appointed to educate through the force of reason to convert heretics back to Catholicism. Founded by Ignatius Loyola Founded by Ignatius Loyola They established schools all over the world to They established schools all over the world to

14. What was the Council of Trent? An authority appointed by Pope Paul III to safeguard the authority and unity of the Church An authority appointed by Pope Paul III to safeguard the authority and unity of the Church Clarified the basic tenets of Catholic faith Clarified the basic tenets of Catholic faith Improved the quality of priests Improved the quality of priests Insisted upon the celibacy of the priesthood Insisted upon the celibacy of the priesthood Formulated The Index Formulated The Index Revived the Medieval Inquisition Revived the Medieval Inquisition

15. What were the results? Two mutually exclusive groups set Two mutually exclusive groups set Stage set for religious war Stage set for religious war Rise of national states Rise of national states