1. CTTT 2008 - Teaching translation: language and technology Braga, Portugal, June 23-27, 2008 Terminology Management Assoc Prof Frank Austermühl Centre for Translation and Interpreting Studies The University of Auckland f.austermuehl@auckland.ac.nz

2. 2 Before we Begin …   Terminology Management = Knowledge Management Empowerment, Quality, ROI   Searching & Evaluating   Integration Teaching terminology (theory and management) as part of LSP translation practice courses Teaching terminology and LSP translation principles as part of CAT/documentation courses Teaching terminology and LSP translation principles as part of contextual studies courses

3. 3 Overview 09.30 – 11:00  I. Basic Principles of Terminology Management (Lecture) 11:30 – 13:00  II. Computer-based Terminology Management: Workflow, Concept Systems, Termbase Creation (Workshop) 14:00 – 15:45 and 16:15 – 17:00  III. Computer-based Terminology Management: Developing, Filling, and Manipulating Termbases in MultiTerm, Word, Workbench (Workshop) 17:00 – 18:00  IV. Tool Assessment, Quality Assurance, Standards (Lecture and Q&A)

4. 4 Part I: Basic Principles of Terminology Management What is Terminology? Terminography?What is Terminology? Terminography? GPL vs SPL )or LGP and LSP)GPL vs SPL )or LGP and LSP) SPL/LSP and TranslationSPL/LSP and Translation What is Terminology? Terminography?What is Terminology? Terminography? What is it not?What is it not? What is Phraseology?What is Phraseology? Functions and Objectives of TerminologyFunctions and Objectives of Terminology On Concepts, Designations, and TermsOn Concepts, Designations, and Terms

5. 5 I. Basic Principles The Terminology of Terminology I. Basic Principles – The Terminology of Terminology 1) Terminology = Terminology Studies The “scholarly study of the concepts and terms found in special languages” (Wright, Budin 1997:327). 2) Terminology = Nomenclature A set of “standardized” terms of a specific domain (i.e. a nomenclature) 3) Terminology = Specialized Vocabulary A set of all terms (i.e. specialized words and word combinations), standardized or not, belonging to a specific domain

6. 6 I. Basic Principles The Terminology of Terminology I. Basic Principles – The Terminology of Terminology 1) Terminology = Terminology Studies Terminology science is the subject field that investigates the structure, formation, development, usage and management of the terminologies in various subject fields, and that prepares the methodological foundation for many applications. (UNESCO 3). … the study and the field of activity concerned with the collection, description, processing and presentation of terms. (Sager (1990:2) … the scholarly study of the concepts and terms found in special languages” (Wright, Budin 1997:327) 2) Terminology = Nomenclature Set of “standardized” terms of a specific domain System of terms which is elaborated according to pre- established naming rules. (ISO 1087:1990)

7. 7 I. Basic Principles The Terminology of Terminology I. Basic Principles – The Terminology of Terminology Terminology = Specialized Vocabulary Set of all terms (i.e. specialized words and word combinations), standardized or not, belonging to a specific domain Set of all terms (i.e. specialized words and word combinations), standardized or not, belonging to a specific domain Terminology: “set of designations belonging to one special language” (ISO 1087-1:2000) Terminology: “set of designations belonging to one special language” (ISO 1087-1:2000) Designation: “representation of a concept by a sign which denotes it. Designation: “representation of a concept by a sign which denotes it.

8. 8 I. Basic Principles The Terminology of Terminology I. Basic Principles – The Terminology of Terminology Terminology Scholarly study of the concepts and terms found in special languages Terminography Acquisition, compilation and management of terms” (L’Homme 2004:15) The recording, processing and presentation of terminological data acquired by terminological research“ (Wright, Budin 1997:327)

9. 9 I. Basic Principles The Terminology of Terminology I. Basic Principles – The Terminology of Terminology Lexicology Wissenschaft vom Wortschatz (DIN 2342) ) The study of words, the relations between words (i.e. semantical relations), and the whole lexicon (Wikipedia ) Lexicography The act of writing dictionaries (Wordnet Princeton) Die geordnete Darstellung von Wortschatz auf der Grundlage der in der Lexikologie gewonnenen Erkenntnisse sowie die Lehre von der Darstellung des Wortschatzes. (DIN 2342)

10. 10 I. Basic Principles The Terminology of Terminology I. Basic Principles – The Terminology of Terminology Phraseology Set of fixed (or nearly fixed) phrases (i.e. a combination of at least to LSP elements) of a discipline (see Arntz, Picht, Meyer 2004:34)

11. 11 I. Basic Principles Terminology and Translation I. Basic Principles – Terminology and Translation LSP and LPG Terminology and LPS General functions of terminology Translation-specific functions and objectives of Terminology

12. 12 I. Basic Principles Terminology and Translation I. Basic Principles – Terminology and Translation LSP and LGP Language for Special Purposes (LSP), or Special purpose language (SPL) or Specialized Language means the language used by expert communities with a greater or smaller share of terminology and domain- specific linguistic conventions. LSP used in specialized communication, implemented in texts (oral and written) Horizontal vs. vertical organization of specialized communication Internal, interdisciplinary, external Terminology as „compressed specialized texts“ (Schmitt 2006:303)

13. 13 I. Basic Principles Terminology and Translation I. Basic Principles – Terminology and Translation LSP and Terminology Terminology crucial wherever and whenever domain- specific information and knowledge is: Terminology crucial wherever and whenever domain- specific information and knowledge is: -generated (e.g. in research and development); -used (e.g. in specialized texts); -recorded and processed (e.g. in databases); -passed on (via training and teaching); -implemented (e.g. in technology and knowledge transfer); -translated and interpreted. (UNESCO 2)

14. 14 I. Basic Principles Terminology and Translation I. Basic Principles – Terminology and Translation General Functions of Terminology Basic elements carrying meaning in domain communication Ordering of scientific-technical knowledge at the level of concepts Access to other representations of specialized information and knowledge (Infoterm “Standing”)

15. 15 I. Basic Principles Terminology and Translation I. Basic Principles – Terminology and Translation Translation-specific Functions of Terminology Provide: CKU Context, Knowledge, Usage Ensure CCU: Correct, Consistent, Unambiguous Allow XS: Access to Specialized Information, to Specialized Communities

16. 16 I. Basic Principles The Terminology of Terminology I. Basic Principles – The Terminology of Terminology Concepts and Designations  In specialized communication—whether written or spoken—concepts constitute the smallest units used to communicate specialized knowledge and information. (Galinski and Picht 1997:42)  The units can be represented by verbal terms, nonverbal signs, alphanumeric characters or character strings, and a variety of hybrid forms. (ibid.)

17. 17 I. Basic Principles The Terminology of Terminology I. Basic Principles – The Terminology of Terminology Concept Mental image, abstraction of one “thing,” i.e. one object (individual concept)Mental image, abstraction of one “thing,” i.e. one object (individual concept) Mental grouping of a number of different objects based on shared properties (general concept)Mental grouping of a number of different objects based on shared properties (general concept) Concepts are “pre-language”Concepts are “pre-language”Designation Representation of a concept through image, sign, formula, number, code, term …Representation of a concept through image, sign, formula, number, code, term … Attributed to a concept by the members of a special language communityAttributed to a concept by the members of a special language community

18. 18 I. Basic Principles The Terminology of Terminology I. Basic Principles – The Terminology of Terminology Term  Verbal designation of a concept  Sometimes: term = concept + designation  Terminological Unit (see next slide) Definition  Verbal description of a concept

19. 19 I. Basic Principles The Terminology of Terminology I. Basic Principles – The Terminology of Terminology Terminological UnitsTerminological Units Single-word termsSingle-word terms Compound or Multiword termsCompound or Multiword terms Nominal multiword term (Noun Phrases)Nominal multiword term (Noun Phrases) Set phrasesSet phrases Collocations (“run a queryCollocations (“run a query Standard Texts (Boilerplate Texts)Standard Texts (Boilerplate Texts) Abbreviated FormsAbbreviated Forms Canonical FormsCanonical Forms (no capitalization, singular form, unless)(no capitalization, singular form, unless) no articles, gender as attribute, verb as Infinitive (no “to”)no articles, gender as attribute, verb as Infinitive (no “to”) Spoken form (electronic), inverted, permuted (print)Spoken form (electronic), inverted, permuted (print)

20. 20 I. Basic Principles The Terminology of Terminology I. Basic Principles – The Terminology of Terminology  Descriptive Terminography Document all terms send to designate the concepts treated in a single discipline”Document all terms send to designate the concepts treated in a single discipline” It is not the purpose of this kind of terminology management to prescribe usage, but rather to document all the terms that occur or are suggested for a concept” (Wright 1997:18)It is not the purpose of this kind of terminology management to prescribe usage, but rather to document all the terms that occur or are suggested for a concept” (Wright 1997:18)  Systematic vs Ad-hoc Teaching vs. practiceTeaching vs. practice

21. 21 I. Basic Principles – Concept Systems  Types of Concept Relations HierarchicalHierarchical GenericGeneric Partitive (meronymic)Partitive (meronymic) Non-hierarchicalNon-hierarchical SequentialSequential FunctionalFunctional AssociativeAssociative

22. 22 I. Basic Principles – Concept Systems  Generic Concept System (Tree Diagram) Printer ink-jet printerLaser printermatrix printer color laser printer black and white laser printer g

23. 23 I. Basic Principles – Concept Systems  Partitive Concept System (Bracket Diagram) p

24. 24 I. Basic Principles – Concept Systems Sequential/Functional Concept System (Flow Chart)Sequential/Functional Concept System (Flow Chart) Source: http://computer. howstuffworks.co m/laser- printer1.htm

25. 25 I. Basic Principles – Concept Systems Associative Concept System (Mind Map)Associative Concept System (Mind Map) printing tonerpaperdrumcolorink

26. 26 I. Basic Principles – Concept Systems  Superordinate Concept printerprinter  Term ink-jet printerink-jet printer  Subordinate Concepts bubble-jet printerbubble-jet printer  Coordinate Concept laser printerlaser printer matrix printermatrix printer full-color documentfull-color document

27. 27 Part II - Workshop

28. 28 II. Terminology Management – Forms and Phases  Main Phases of Terminography: 1.Planning (Concept Systems) 2.Database Creation Creating Databases, Defining Entry Structures 3.Searching and Evaluating DIY Corpus 4.Managing Entering Data, Retrieving Data, Modifying Data … 5.Publication

29. 29 II. Terminology Management – Terminology Project (1) Identification of discipline / sub-discipline (2) Creation of concept system, identification of sub-concept system (abstraction system, content system, chronological approach, etc.) (3) Creation of folder structure for sub-discipline, texts and graphics (4) Retrieving of parallel texts (DIY corpus) (5) Solving specific terminological problems (using online, offline sources, and DIY corpus) (6) Create Termbase with MultiTerm (7) Enter data (-> Termbase) (8) Combine terms, and sub-concept systems (9) Publish glossaries (print, online) (10) Use termbase (Word, Workbench)

30. 30 Phase 1 Terminology Planning Terminology Planning Create a concept system (“Computer System”) Create a concept system (“Computer System”)

31. 31 application application camera camera cache cache CD-WORM CD-WORM compact disc compact disc computer computer CPU CPU DRAM DRAM DVD DVD floppy floppy global-area network global-area network hard disk hard disk hardware hardware ink-jet printer ink-jet printer input input Internet Internet keyboard keyboard laser printer laser printer LCD screen LCD screen local-area network local-area network speaker speaker matrix printer matrix printer microphone microphone monitor monitor mouse mouse network network operating system operating system output output plotter plotter printer printer processing processing Qwerty Qwerty RAM RAM ROM ROM scanner scanner software software storage storage systems software systems software transfer transfer USB stick USB stick WLAN WLAN Word Word

32. 32 Concepts Systems with MindManager

33. 33 Phase 1 Computer-based Terminology Management Computer-based Terminology Management Create a MultiTerm database Create a MultiTerm database

34. 34 Types of Terminology Management File cards Lists in word processors (e.g. WinWord or Word Perfect) Spreadsheets (e.g. Excel or 1,2,3) Database management systems (e.g. MS Access) Terminology management systems Integrated (e.g. crossTerm, Déjà Vu) Hybrid (Integrated or Stand-alone): MultiTerm Stand-alone: Look Up

35. 35 Phase 2 Database Creation Database Creation What data is to be stored in the database? What data is to be stored in the database? How should the information be displayed? How should the information be displayed?

36. 36 The Terminological Data Entry – Basic Categories Linguistic (designation-specific) Linguistic (designation-specific) Encyclopedic (concept-specific) Encyclopedic (concept-specific) Translational Translational Administrative Administrative

37. 37 The Importance of Terminology Management TMS Encyclopedic Data Linguistic Data Translational Data Administrative Data

38. 38 A Terminological Entry – Contents?

39. 39 A Terminological Entry - Example AuthorProjectSubject English (Source) Definition (Source) See Portuguese (Source) Image

40. 40 File card box Object type Database/File File card Object Data set / record LineObject attribute Data field Basis Database Elements

41. 41 Database Design Questions What objects are to be described? Terms How can these objects be described? English designation, image, gender, pronunciation, … Definition of data fields English, Portuguese, Definition, Image, Collocation, …. Definition of data field type Text, Media, Attribute, … Definition of field attributes Gender -> m., n., f. Subject Area: Law, Medicine, Telecom, …

42. 42 MS Access – Basic Elements Table – Central 'data collection structure' Table – Central 'data collection structure' Form – Input and display of data Form – Input and display of data Query – Retrieve data, create glossaries Query – Retrieve data, create glossaries Report – Print data Report – Print data Macros/Modules – Automate routine procedures Macros/Modules – Automate routine procedures

43. 43 (1) Create a new (empty) database (with our without Wizard) (2) Chose file name (3) Create new table in design view (4) Enter field names (5) Define data field types (6) Define field attributes (7) Describe fields (8) Define primary key (9) Save design (10) Create form (AutoForm) Steps in Creating a Database with MS Access

44. 44 MS Access – Advanced Features Queries (data selection, filtering) Queries (data selection, filtering) - Design - Run Reports (printing glossaries) Reports (printing glossaries) Access / Word cooperation Access / Word cooperation HTML output HTML output Importing data (e.g. from Excel) Importing data (e.g. from Excel)

45. 45 Task Database Creation Database Creation Create a MultiTerm Database Create a MultiTerm Database

46. 46 … but first … See Sample Termbase (-> macro and micro structure of MT iX)

47. 47 Creating a Database with MultiTerm – Termbase Definition 1/2 Termbase / Create Termbase Select Folder (TDB) Start Termbase Wizard Select Option 1 “Create a new termbase definition from scratch” Enter Termbase Name Add/Remove Working Languages/Index Fields (“Portuguese,” “Spanish”) Add Descriptive Fields: Author, Project, Subject, Source, Definition, Link, Image

48. 48 Creating a Database with MultiTerm – Termbase Definition 2/2 Modify Properties for “Source” (Picklist) Modify Properties for “Source” (Picklist) Add “Hardware” and “Software” to Picklist Add “Hardware” and “Software” to Picklist Modify Properties for “Image” (Multimedia File) Modify Properties for “Image” (Multimedia File) Create Entry Structure Create Entry Structure Entry Level: Author, Project, Subject, Image Entry Level: Author, Project, Subject, Image Index Level: Definition Index Level: Definition Term Level: Link Term Level: Link All That for Nothing ???

49. 49 Creating a Database with MultiTerm – Creating an Input Model 1/2 Entry / Input Models … Entry / Input Models … Create … Create … Start Input Model Wizard Start Input Model Wizard Enter Input Model Name Enter Input Model Name Right-click on “Entry level” Right-click on “Entry level” Add Entry Level Fields: Author, Project, Subject, English, Portuguese, Image Add Entry Level Fields: Author, Project, Subject, English, Portuguese, Image Right-click on “English” Right-click on “English” Add Fields: Definition Add Fields: Definition Right-click on “Term” (for English) Right-click on “Term” (for English) Add Fields: Source. Link Add Fields: Source. Link Repeat Last 2 steps for Portuguese Repeat Last 2 steps for Portuguese

50. 50 Creating a Database with MultiTerm – Creating an Input Model 2/2 Enter “Default Content” for “Author” and “Project” Enter “Default Content” for “Author” and “Project” Select Default Value for “Subject” Select Default Value for “Subject” Click “Preview” Click “Preview” (Modify Input Model if Needed) (Modify Input Model if Needed) Click “Next” and “Finish” Click “Next” and “Finish” Select New Input Model and Click “OK” Select New Input Model and Click “OK” Still nothing !!! F3 F3

51. 51 Creating a Database with MultiTerm – Adding Entries et al. Some Shortcuts … Entry / Add OR F3 Add (1) CPU and Central Processing Unit, (2)Central Unit Add Definition for (1) Save Field: Enter Save Entry: F10 Cancel Editing: Shift+Esc Some Goodies … Adding Pictures Adding Cross References Adding Hyperlinks Made a Mistake? Termbase / Modify Termbase Definition Entry / Input Models / Edit

52. 52 Task Add your terms to database (see next slide for term entry conventions) Add your terms to database (see next slide for term entry conventions)

53. 53 Part I: Terminology – Basic Concepts Terminological UnitsTerminological Units Single-word termsSingle-word terms Compound or Multiword termsCompound or Multiword terms Nominal multiword term (Noun Phrases)Nominal multiword term (Noun Phrases) Set phrasesSet phrases Collocations (“run a queryCollocations (“run a query Standard Texts (Boilerplate Texts)Standard Texts (Boilerplate Texts) Abbreviated FormsAbbreviated Forms Canonical FormsCanonical Forms (Capitalization, Singular Form)(Capitalization, Singular Form) Articles, Gender, Verb (Infinitive, no “to”)Articles, Gender, Verb (Infinitive, no “to”) Spoken form (electronic), inverted, permuted (print)Spoken form (electronic), inverted, permuted (print)

54. 54 Part III: Workshop Searching and evaluating terminological data Adding data to termbase Exporting and importing data (exchanging)

55. 55 Phase 3 Searching and Evaluating

56. 56 Terminology Mining – Sources and Origins of Internet Docs Private individuals Private individuals  Everybody can (and will) publish! Government agencies Government agencies  E-Governing, general information (e.g. on environmental issues, sources of official terminology) Private companies Private companies  Company and industry info (white papers), product information, Advertisement, press releases, annual reports, glossaries Media Media  News, reports, archives (free for 14 days -> pay-per-article) International organizations International organizations  White papers, subject information, databases, multilingual sites Universities and research institutes Universities and research institutes  Scholarly publications Specialized databases Specialized databases  Costs!

57. 57 Search Scenarios for Translators and Interpreters Background information Background information  Getting acquainted with a subject, acquiring basic understanding, parallel acquiring of encyclopedic and linguistic knowledge (language: A or B)  Articles in encyclopedias, introduction to XXX Parallel text Parallel text  Acquiring of active linguistic expertise  Typical, idiomatic, discipline-specific terminology and phraseology Glossaries Glossaries  Terminological knowledge  Terms and definitions Specific research questions Specific research questions  Definition of YYY  Frequency of usage (acceptance check)  Text type conformity

58. 58 Internet Search Strategies I/II   Institutional / Generic Search Online Newspapers and Archives Online Encyclopedias International Organization Companies   Thematic Search (Subject Trees) Librarians' Internet Index (http://lii.org/)   Keyword Search (Search Engines) Google Use advanced search options !

59. 59 Search Strategies and Terminology Sources  Institutional Search Go to expert website (hp.com) Go to expert website (hp.com) Use site-internal search engine (glossary, printing) Use site-internal search engine (glossary, printing) Alt: Google Nesting ( glossar OR lexikon site:bmw.de) Alt: Google Nesting ( glossar OR lexikon site:bmw.de)

60. 60 Search Engine Algebra - General + = Inclusion (Boolean AND, all the words) + = Inclusion (Boolean AND, all the words) - = Exclusion (Boolean NOT) - = Exclusion (Boolean NOT) "... " = Phrase search (AS IS) "... " = Phrase search (AS IS) OR (any of the words) OR (any of the words)----------------------------------------------------------- ~ Related Keywords ~ Related Keywords NEAR NEAR ADJ (adjacent) ADJ (adjacent)----------------------------------------------------------- Search combinations ('nesting') Search combinations ('nesting') e.g. printer AND (glossary OR dictionary)e.g. printer AND (glossary OR dictionary)

61. 61 Search Engine Algebra – Google 1/2  + = enforcer (sg. vs. pl; include common words; all vs all or or)  - = Exclusion (Boolean NOT)  "... " = Phrase search (AS IS)  OR (any of the words)  ~ Related Keywords (~printer)  * Separated by one or more words (printer * driver)

62. 62 Search Engine Algebra – Google 2/2  define: Lists definitions of term (e.g. from Wordnet, Wikipedia, etc.)  allintitle: All keywords appear in title of webpage (allintitle:glossary printing)  site: Search only on specified website (printer site:hp.com)  Link: Find pages that link to specified webpage (link:http://isg.urv.es/cttt/minho_2008/)

63. 63 Search Strategies and Terminology Sources Glossaries Definitions Images Parallel Texts Reference Works Online Databases http://iate.europa.eu

64. 64 Search Strategies and Terminology Sources  Glossaries Google Advanced Search Google Advanced Search +glossar +site:hp.com +glossar +site:hp.com See: Language setting See: Language setting See OR Search (glosario, diccionario, lexicon) See OR Search (glosario, diccionario, lexicon)

65. 65 Search Strategies and Terminology Sources  Definitions Google Google define:”ink-jet printer” define:”ink-jet printer” +"inkjet printer" +"what is“ +"inkjet printer" +"what is“ +"inkjet printer" +"how does * work" +"inkjet printer" +"how does * work"

66. 66 Search Strategies and Terminology Sources Images

67. 67 Search Strategies and Terminology Sources   Parallel Texts / Papers / Textbooks Via magazine/newspaper archives Via magazine/newspaper archives guardian.co.uk pcworld.com Google Scholar Google Scholar Amazon‘s A9 Amazon‘s A9 The Invisible Web The Invisible Web

68. 68 Hot or Not? – Evaluating Internet Documents  Author's credentials  Document preparation process and its presentation  Meta information and links to the document  Accuracy and timeliness of the document’s content  3? - Up-to-date, Mother Tongue, Expert  Double-checking with trustworthy sources

69. 69 Building Electronic Corpora  Downloading Internet files  File formats HTML, PDF, DOC HTML, PDF, DOC  Retrieval programs Google Desktop, MS Desktop Search, SE Rapid Google Desktop, MS Desktop Search, SE Rapid

70. 70 Task  Corpus Creation Folder Structure! Folder Structure!

71. 71 Using Info Rapid Background Background Selecting search folders Selecting search folders Defining file types Defining file types Simple searches Simple searches Using Boolean operators Using Boolean operators Opening original applications (F9) Opening original applications (F9)

72. 72 Phase 5  Publication Glossary (in MS Word) Glossary (in MS Word) Dictionary (RTF Export) Dictionary (RTF Export)

73. 73 Co-operation with MS Word From MultiTerm to Word From MultiTerm to Word From Word to MultiTerm From Word to MultiTerm

74. 74 Co-operation with Workbench From MultiTerm to Word From MultiTerm to Word From Word to MultiTerm From Word to MultiTerm

75. 75 The Trados Environment –Setup  Opening necessary applications and files  Retrieving sentences (from Translator's Workbench)  Looking up terminology (with MultiTerm and Translator's Workbench)  Reviewing and finalizing your translation

76. 76 The Trados Environment – Opening Necessary Applications and Files  MultiTerm: create/open TB  Translator's Workbench: create/open TM  MS Word: Access Workbench functions and MultiTerm database through the Trados toolbars

77. 77 Looking up Terminology I/II  Activate automatic terminology recognition in Workbench (Options menu)  Recognised terms in MultiTerm are highlighted in the Workbench window with a red line  In TM window, click on the desired term to display equivalent in the right-hand side window  Paste the equivalent directly into the target text by clicking the corresponding Term button (previous, current or next)

78. 78 Looking up Terminology II/II  Retrieving recognized terminology in TM through the concordance function  Select the individual term or expression you want to check in Word and click the Concordance button  The Concordance Browser window opens: select term/expression, copy it to the clipboard and paste it into Word

79. 79 Part IV: Tool Assessment, QA, Standardization

80. 80 IV. Tool Assessment Criteria for Evaluating TDBMS Technical Platforms and operating systems, Networkable, Multimedia support Terminological Task suitability, Free vs defined entry structure User Interface Task suitability Organizational Multilingual, Term Interchange, Integration, Publication, Dictionaries Economic Software, Additional Tools, Support

81. 81 Criteria for Selection of Terminology Management Systems Seamless input of data Scalable data views Fast, easy-to-use and extensive retrieval features Quick-search mode Easy import of existing data Cooperation with word processing software (both ways) Various export and printing option Multimedia capability Price

82. 82 IV. Quality Management See checklist Wright (wright qa checklist.jpg)

83. 83 IV. Quality Management

84. 84 IV. Standards and Standardization Standardizing Terminology Standardizing Terminology Management ISO TC 37 Standardizing Terminology Exchange MARTIF TBX In lieu of bibliography: http://lipas.uwasa.fi/termino/library.html