1. Mobility Patterns and car use in Madrid. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Daniel de la Hoz Sánchez Transport Research Center (TRANSyT -UPM) www.transyt.upm.es

2. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Aims Current mobility patterns and car use in Madrid Some influential variables about car use in Madrid Assessment of strategies for modal split in Madrid More discussion...

3. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Foundation This presentation is based on: –Census 2001 –Household Mobility survey 1996-2004 –Madrid MARS Model

4. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study  Surface: 8,000 km 2  Inhabitants: 5.8 millions (3.1 out of them in Madrid City)

5. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – Metropolitan dependences

6. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – Metropolitan dependences evolution

7. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – Current Scene Modal Share & Distance to CBD Census 2001 – Bounded mobility - JTW Modal Share (%) )Madrid MunicipalityMetropolitan RingRegional Ring

8. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – Current Scene Modal Share Trends Private Public Transport Distance to the CBD Metropolitan RingRegional Ring MM Center MM Periphery Metropolitan RingRegional Ring MM Center MM Periphery

9. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – development number of residents Development percentage of residents city centre and outskirts (CAM, 2001)

10. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – development number of employments Employment sprawl Closer jobs & population = shorten travel distance? Difussed commuting patterns (workforces in the familiy, workplace =daily-life destination where the longest distace is accepted,…) Trade off between accesibility and their space requirement (lack of affordable housing, high car accesibility on the metropolitan area, …) Type of jobs (specialized – non specialized) …

11. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – City Structure Accumulative differences of population and employment distribution in Madrid. p(r i )e(r i ) Difference increased = dispersion force Distance to the City Center DA Assuming that workers try to minimize the travel distance to working place,…

12. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Polycentrism have not carry out self-sufficient urban villages Decline the importance of Mass transit (not surprising : rise of polycentrism has come about through increased auto ownership). Madrid Case Study – System Supply Distance to the City Center Average Distance To Work ( km) km Census 2001 – Bounded mobility - JTW

13. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – geographic dependence & gender More distance to the City Center – More dependence to other municipalities. Residence location choice – workplace location?. Women have a geographically less extended daily action space. Census 2001 – Bounded mobility - JTW Spatial working dependence Spatial Working dependence - Men Spatial Working dependence - Women

14. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – gender Census 2001 – Bounded mobility - JTW

15. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – Car ownership Current Scene of Car ownership

16. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – Car ownership Madrid Municipality Census 2001 – Bounded mobility - JTW

17. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – Demographics Demographic situation influences on Car ownership and usage

18. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid case study – Car ownership HH size – 96/04 HH car ownership – 96/04 Individual Motorisation Higher avaliability of cars for individuals & higher travel demand for personal needs

19. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system M-30 (1992)M-40 (1996)M-50 (1996 -…) Madrid Case Study – System Supply

20. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid Case Study – System Supply Inner city inhabitants  PT for shorter travels While outer rings, the contrary occurs EDM 04 Automobile commute time tend to be lower in polycentric than in monocentric regions.

21. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid Case Study – System Supply and mode choice Attending to spatial relations: PT can reach High quotas of Modal Share. –Inner and radial relation  close Travel Time relation PT and Car = high percentage of PT. –Tangential flows on Periphery, Metropolitan and Regional Areas = high differences km Km/h

22. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Madrid Case Study – Car Ownership and Trip length Census 2001 – Bounded mobility - JTW Time saved invested on distance and speed? = spread out or induced trips Km/h Km Cars per HH

23. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system The Madrid Case Study – System Supply Travel time budget : relatively constant min Higher speeds, allow people to cover longer distance within their time and money constrains. This spatial opportunities will increase including the distance between their residence and job locations, resulting in the dispersion of residences and jobs. Presumption: An individual traveler attempts to travel appropriate distance by various modes such that the travel utility is optimized subject to time and money constraints (Connected to Zahavi’s works)

24. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system MAIN CONCLUSIONS … OR QUESTIONS Close interaction between travel demand, system supply and urban structure. Car use and travel behavior is affected by: –Residential location affects travel behavior –Social, demographical or cultural dynamics affects car use –Spatial configuration (size, land use, transport system, neighborhood design,…) –Activity patterns have become more complex and diverse. Part of the time save by speed increases are traded off for more travel distance= suggest : the generation of induce travel? If travel speeds increase and land use is uncontrolled, city starts to expand from within. Travelers find better spatial opportunities (residence and job locations) within their travel constraints such as travel time budget Travel underpriced (externalities)  city spreads out ; higher motorization ; cost-benefits analysis (CBA) enhance land use devoted to roads (time saving).

25. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Some strategies in Madrid – An assessment approach Public transport encouragement, basically based on Infrastructure (Interchanges Hubs, Metro, Suburban buses, Park and ride infrastructure on suburban areas, alternative fueled vehicles (CNG, Hydrogen, Electrical),…) M-30 renewal, Radial toll highways, M-50 orbital ring (in mind) Parking regulation, Restricted access areas HOV (High Occupant Vehicle) Priority & Suburban Bus Exclusive Lanes to the City Center Car-Free Districts and Pedestrianized Streets … High-speed Train – Polycentric Macro Metropolitan Area ¿Building standards? New Urbanism Education and Marketing? Initiative in Madrid of “muevete verde” – labeling (in mind) Cycling? New Director Plan (on mind) Land use and transport planning Integration? LEZ? Business mobility plans?

26. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Some strategies in Madrid – Land Use and Transport Planning MADRID – Line 1 Extension 26.000 Housing units. Periphery of Madrid. Land use and transport integration. Urban densities and design in coherence with Public Transport Value capture for financing public transport. 25 MMEur.

27. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Some strategies in Madrid –Bus exclusive Transit & HOV Lane INITIATIVE: f transport policy instrument based on A6. Extension to other radial HC arterials (100 kms) SITUATION: high share of people commutes between the periphery and the core city, causing high levels of peak hour congestion. the question is whether this transport policies contribute to the high level objective of sustainability.

28. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Some strategies in Madrid –Bus exclusive Transit & HOV Lane Travel time (minutes) for 15 km access road; A6 morning peak, 2001 Source: Modelización y evaluación de medidas de gestión en corredores urbanos (Monzón et al, 2003) Greater reliability of suburban bus services has fostered their use Bus patronage has increased significantly - from 24% in 1991 to 36% in 2001.

29. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Some strategies in Madrid –Bus exclusive Transit & HOV Lane Long Term Effects on Regional Sustainability  MARS (Metropolitan Activity Relocation Simulator) Land Use Market Residence LocationWorkplace Location Transport Sub-model Land Use: Residential Location Choice Sub-model Land Use: Business Location Choice Sub - Model Accessibility (Pfaffenbichler, 2003) Model simulation can illustrated and synthesize already existing knowledge about transportation consequences of alternative urban structures, measures,… but cannot be used to investigate whether the assumption on which the model is based are correct ie: TIME BUDGET

30. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Some strategies in Madrid –Bus exclusive Transit & HOV Lane Accessibility

31. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Some strategies in Madrid –Bus exclusive Transit & HOV Lane LAND USE: Land Consume NEW LANES = Higher sprawl than REPLACE LANES

32. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Some strategies in Madrid –Bus exclusive Transit & HOV Lane Mechanized Car PT 24h peakOff- peak trips-km Time savings in the peak hour are spent on the off-peak hour Better PT modal quota, but higher transport demand than in scenario do-minimun

33. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Some strategies in Madrid –Bus exclusive Transit & HOV Lane New modal split and travel demand affect emission NOX and VOC = significantly reduced on REPLACE scenario CO2 = reduction relatively small and in danger on the long term

34. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Some strategies in Madrid –Bus exclusive Transit & HOV Lane Both result in a welfare surplus but …. - + Multicriteria Analysis?

35. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Conclusions In the CBA, the new bus lanes result in a welfare surplus. The welfare surplus is mainly generated by time savings. Bus lanes contribute to the overall objective of sustainability. But nevertheless it has to be mentioned that their contribution is rather small. The environmental benefits are small and the instruments can only be a small part of wider strategy. Concerning bus lanes from the viewpoint of sustainability the scenario “Replace Car Lanes” clearly has to be favoured. The objective of sustainability requires a holistic perspective for achieve a sustainable urban development. –An increase of planning variables = higher complexity. –Strategies should be based on a combination of different measures. –Policy integration and coordination. In Madrid, transport is coordinated all along the region by the Regional Transport Consortium, but, what about land use development?, and transport infrastructure? Environmental issues? A change on focus: from just net and capacity providing to an equilibrium in the supply and the demand: Forecast and Prevent = Planning.

36. COST ACTION 355 Changing behavior towards a more sustainable transport system Further discussion ? Modal split = complex interaction between urban structure, density and neighborhood design, HH status, location, and system supply. Developing a higher quality of PT is enough for achievement of sustainable scenes? Underpricing car usage (congestion, externalities,…) = road based model?. Travel patterns influenced by city structure. Should the city be allowed to become dispersed, or should cities become more compact?. Overcrowding could mean loss of urban quality? Optimum Neighborhood design (Densities, Transit oriented, mix-land uses,…)? Thinking on accessibility rather than mobility or traffic?. Travel patterns influenced by location. Links between population and employment decentralization and lower distance travel always replicated (Interaction with transport system supply and land use market (affordable housing))?. Location residence decisions related to more variables than employment place (leisure, buying,…)? Strategies for sustainable mobility could not be based on isolation actions. No single measure will achieve sustainable scenarios for urban mobility. Integrated of synergies of different approaches (vertical and horizontal) is possible? … And a provocative one: How to counterbalance Automobile industry marketing? Automobile Industry is similar to Smoking Industry?