1. Restrictions 1 Stefanie Keller & Michael Kropac, seecon international gmbh

2. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info Copy it, adapt it, use it – but acknowledge the source! Copyright Included in the SSWM Toolbox are materials from various organisations and sources. Those materials are open source. Following the open- source concept for capacity building and non-profit use, copying and adapting is allowed provided proper acknowledgement of the source is made (see below). The publication of these materials in the SSWM Toolbox does not alter any existing copyrights. Material published in the SSWM Toolbox for the first time follows the same open-source concept, with all rights remaining with the original authors or producing organisations. To view an official copy of the the Creative Commons Attribution Works 3.0 Unported License we build upon, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0. This agreement officially states that: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 You are free to: Share - to copy, distribute and transmit this document Remix - to adapt this document. We would appreciate receiving a copy of any changes that you have made to improve this document. Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must always give the original authors or publishing agencies credit for the document or picture you are using. Disclaimer The contents of the SSWM Toolbox reflect the opinions of the respective authors and not necessarily the official opinion of the funding or supporting partner organisations. Depending on the initial situations and respective local circumstances, there is no guarantee that single measures described in the toolbox will make the local water and sanitation system more sustainable. The main aim of the SSWM Toolbox is to be a reference tool to provide ideas for improving the local water and sanitation situation in a sustainable manner. Results depend largely on the respective situation and the implementation and combination of the measures described. An in-depth analysis of respective advantages and disadvantages and the suitability of the measure is necessary in every single case. We do not assume any responsibility for and make no warranty with respect to the results that may be obtained from the use of the information provided. Copyright & Disclaimer

3. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 3 Contents 1.Concept 2.How it can optimize SSWM 3.Design Principles 4.Things to consider before Applying Restrictions 5.Applicability 6.Advantages and Disadvantages 7.Example 8.References

4. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 4 Where do Restrictions belong to?  Restrictions are command and control tools that belong to the software implementation tools in Sustainable Sanitation and Water Management 1.Concept

5. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info …are direct regulations of requirements, bans and rules. With command and control tools, you only change the behaviour of people because they want to avoid penalties for non-compliance. 1. Concept Tools: Prohibitions Restrictions Permits Standards Etc. Source: http://themoderatevoice.com/wordpress- engine/files/2008_july/Stop_Sign.jpg [Accessed: 23.03.2010] 5 Command and Control Tools…

6. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 6 Restrictions Restrictions, rationing or full prohibitions are legal tools that have a direct impact on the forms of conduct. In water use restrictions, public authorities or independent regulatory agencies establish restrictions and bans that water users and provides are obliged to follow. 1. Concept Source: http://themoderatevoice.com/wordpress- engine/files/2008_july/Stop_Sign.jpg [Accessed: 08.06.2010]

7. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 7 Restrictions are like all other command and control tools, top-down instruments that can be used to achieve a more sustainable water use. Good tool to reduce water use in punctual situations. Restrictions are a “quick-fix” and not a tool that guarantees a sustainable use of water in the long run. Water use restrictions should be regarded as a last resort tool that can be applied in critical situations. 2. How it can optimize SSWM Apply the lowest restriction level as possible to reach a targeted goal. Source: http://www.inkcinct.com.au/web/cartoons/2007/2007- 148-water-restrictions.jpg Accessed: 08.06.2010]

8. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 8 Restrictions are most efficient if used sporadically. In special cases, there are non-drought water use restrictions for all year. People have to understand restrictions and see their need. It is essential that the compliance with restrictions can be monitored, and non compliance can be sanctioned. 3. Design Principles It is important to act before it is too late. Source: http://www.inkcinct.com.au/web/cartoons/2006/2006- 586-water-restrictions.jpg Accessed: 08.06.2010]

9. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 9 Although their implementation may be (partly) delegated to private bodies, the final decision on their application and eventual enforcement measures remains with the public authorities. Used to influence the behaviour of any target group: individuals as well as corporate actors or private companies. Basically, these instruments apply in the same way to every actor or group of actors specified in the legal norm. Industry and agriculture use more water than individual users, and it can therefore help to target those groups first. 3. Design Principles Main Implementation Actors and Target Groups

10. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 10 4. Things to consider before Applying Restrictions Water Policeman in Australia controlling that water is properly used. Source: http://www.ballardian.com/images/water_police.jpg Accessed: 08.06.2010] Enforcement and economic mechanisms are fundamental to make restriction instruments work. Implementation needs technical competence as well as human and financial resources to control restrictions. Legislation must be clear, on how will be controlled and how will be punished Longer-lasting reductions in different kinds of pollution or overuse are achieved by a combination of software tools such as awareness rising, education for specific user groups, economic tools etc.

11. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 11 Water use restrictions can be applied at different levels: national, regional or local. The legal frame for establishing restrictions is different in every country. Should be used in combination with other measures such as awareness rising campaigns and Information and Education campaigns to make people understand and see their use. 5. Applicability It is important to the adapt restrictions to the local needs and demands. Source: http://www.inkcinct.com.au/web/cartoons/2009/2009-014- -future-water-restrictions.gif Accessed: 08.06.2010]

12. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 12 6. Advantages and Disadvantages Disadvantages: Only effective if compliance can be controlled and punished Is not a flexible tool, so it is not empowering environmental policies Instrument based on imposition do not motivate to collaborate High administrative and control costs Advantages: Highly foreseeable effectiveness Rapidly implemented, once laws are established Effective, to avoid penalties for non-compliance Long term learning effect To avoid confusions, people using other water supplies have to signalize it in Australia. Source: http://www.wdrc.qld.gov.au/images/Engineering%20Images/Water%20Use%20S ign%20Picture%20%282%29.jpg Accessed: 08.06.2010]

13. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 13 Australia Drought Stages Planning Done in Australia at different governmental levels for many years. Success is due to sensitising campaigns, long experience, good monitoring and good sanctioning systems. When applying water restrictions, they indicate: Commencement and termination dates Description of water restriction levels and where they apply Definitions for each restriction level Water savings target and geographic area Awareness raising campaign on TV in Sydney, watering before 10 am. Source: http://www.sydneywater.com.au/Water4Life/WaterWise/ Accessed: 08.06.2010] 7. Example

14. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 14 Australia Drought Stages Planning Stage 1Stage 2Stage 3Stage 4Stage 5Stage 6Stage 7 Reticulation sprinklers: Daily Alternate days 3 times/weekTwice weekly Once weekly No sprinklers Sprinkler times: Before 9.00am or after 6.00pm Hose watering of gardens: Any timeNo hose watering Swimming pools: No restriction No over-fillingNo topping-upNo filling Car washing:No restrictionBucket only Different concrete stages of water restrictions which can currently be applied in Western Australia Source: http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/wa/consol_reg/waub2007297/sch2.html Accessed: 08.06.2010] 7. Example

15. Restrictions Find this presentation and more on: www.ssswm.info.www.ssswm.info 15 8. References KAUFMANN-HAYOZ, R.; BÄTTIG, C.; BRUPPACHER, S.; DEFILA, R.; DI GIULIO, A.; FLURY-KLEUBER, P.; FRIEDERICH, U.; GARBELY, M.; GUTSCHER, H.; JAEGGI, C.; JEGEN, M.; MOSLER, H.J.; MUELLER, A.; NORTH, N.; ULLI-BEER, S.; WICHTERMANN, J. (2001): A Typology of Tools for Building Sustainability Strategies. In: Kaufmann-Hayoz, R. & Gutscher, H. (Eds.): Changing Things – Moving People. Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Development at the Local Level. Basel: Birkhaeuser. 33-108. PORTO, M.; LOBATO, F. (2004): Mechanisms of Water Management: Command & Control and Social Mechanisms (Part 1 of 2). In: REGA (Revista de Gestão de Água da América Latina) 1 (2), 113-129. COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA (2008): Summary Report for Providing New, Ongoing and Historical Water Information. Information about water restrictions. Australia: Bureau of Meteorology. URL: http://www.bom.gov.au/water/regulations/report-summary.php?personid=244 [Accessed: 8.04.2010]

16. Restrictions 16 “Linking up Sustainable Sanitation, Water Management & Agriculture” SSWM is an initiative supported by: Compiled by: