1. World War II 1939-1945

2. World War II Study Guide 1.Identify at least 3 causes of World War II: (1)rise of Hitler/fascism; (2) appeasement; (3) Japanese military aggression/nationalism in the Pacific 2.Explain the concept of Appeasement: the policy of giving concessions in exchange for peace; Europeans “appeased” Hitler’s aggression prior to the start of WWII 3.Explain why Japan attacked the US at Pearl Harbor, forcing the US into the war: Japan wanted to dominate South East Asia. 4.What was the purpose of the Neutrality Act? The United States wanted to avoid international conflicts in Europe that might drag the nation into war. 5.Explain the concept of isolationism. 6.What separated WW I and WWII in regards to fighting on multiple fronts? 7.What was the Holocaust? 8.Why was Island Hopping a major key for the US victory in the pacific theater? 9.What was the importance of the Normandy Invasion? 10.What was the Manhattan Project and what was its’ importance in ending WWII?

3. Sponge Activity Identify three events or people related to World War II: 1. 2. 3.

4. Sponge Activity Identify three events or people related to World War II: 1. Pearl Harbor 2. Holocaust 3. Atomic Bomb (Hiroshima and Nagasaki)

11. WWII: The Rise of Dictators

12. World War II Fascism: an aggressive kind of nationalism; Fascists believe that the nation was more important than the individual Fascists believed a nation became great by expanding its territory and building up its military (very militaristic) Fascism was fiercely anti-communist. Fascism was anti-labor union, pro-private property and pro-middle class

13. World War II The Rise of Dictators – Mussolini and Fascism in Italy – Stalin and the USSR – Hitler and Nazism in Germany – Militarism in Japan

14. Mussolini and Fascism in Italy One of the first places in Europe where fascism took hold was Italy. In 1919, Benito Mussolini founded Italy’s Fascist Party. Once in office, Mussolini worked to destroy democracy and establish a dictatorship.

15. Hitler and Nazism in Germany Adolf Hitler was a fervent anticommunist and an admirer of Mussolini. Germany’s defeat in WWI left Germans with a deep hatred of the “Allies” and the peace terms.

16. Hitler and Nazism in Germany After WWI, Germany suffered economic depression and chaos. Germans blamed the extremely harsh war reparations (war damages) they had to pay the Allies for much of their problems. New political parties emerged during this period including the National Socialist German Workers’ Party or the NAZI Party.

17. Hitler and Nazism in Germany He referred to these Germans as the Aryans “master-race.” He argued that Germans needed more Lebensraum or living space, and called for Germans to expand east into Poland and Russia. He believed the Slavic people of Eastern Europe were an inferior people and should be enslaved. He was especially anti- semetic-- he deeply hated the Jews, and blamed them for German’s defeat in WWI

18. Hitler and Nazism in Germany Hitler was arrested in November 1923 for trying to overthrow the democratically elected government in Germany. In prison, Hitler wrote Mein Kamph (My Struggle), his autobiography. In the book, Hitler called for the unification of all Germans, especially blond, blue-eyed Germans. By 1933, many Germans supported Hitler’s nationalism and politics. Hitler was appointed as chancellor, or prime minister. By 1934, he became dictator., and took the title the “fuhrer, or “leader.”

19. Key Terms Use your notes to write a short definition or sentence using the following key terms: Pearl Harbor: Benito Mussolini: Fascism: Nazis: Adolf Hitler: Holocaust:

20. Stalin and the USSR The Bolsheviks, a group of Communists led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power in the middle of WWI (1917). They renamed the territories of Russia the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). In 1926, Joseph Stalin became the new Soviet dictator. He began a massive effort to industrialize his country. Stalin tolerated no opposition; his policies brought about the death of some 8 to 10 million peasants who resisted his policies.

21. Stalin and the USSR Socialism is the belief that business should be publicly owned and run by the government. Communists believed that a political party led by them should use whatever means necessary to gain and hold power to created a socialists government. The Bolsheviks, or Communists in Russia, established one-party rule over this territory, suppressing individual liberties and punishing opponents.

22. Militarists Gain Control of Japan Difficult economic times in Japan created political problems in Japan in the 1920’s. Japan had to import many of the resources it needed for its economy. Japan did not earn enough money from its exports for a strong economy. The Great Depression hit Japan especially hard as tariffs limited its ability to export its industrial products. Unemployment grew worse over the 1930s. Emperor Hirohito

23. Militarists Gain Control of Japan Japanese military leaders led by Hideki Tojo and others believed the only way for Japan to get the resources it needed for a stronger economy was to seize territory. The resource-rich province of Manchuria in northern China was a perfect place to conquer. In 1931, the Japanese army invaded Manchuria. The military assassinated the Japanese prime minister when he tried to end the conflict and took control of the government. The new government the military formed supported a nationalist policy of expanding the Japanese empire, and appointed military officers to head the Japanese government.

24. Sponge Activity: Identify the country each of these individuals were from: PersonCountryPolitics Adolf Hitler________________ Benito Mussolini________________ Joseph Stalin:________________ Hirohito:________________

25. Identify the country each of these individuals were from: PersonCountryPolitics Adolf HitlerGermany Fascism Benito MussoliniItaly Fascism Joseph Stalin:USSR(Russia) Communism Hirohito:Japan Fascism

26. Sponge Activity Identify three causes of World War II and explain why they occurred. – 1. – 2. – 3.

27. Sponge Activity Identify three countries the United States fought in World War II? 1. 2. 3.

28. America and Neutrality The rise of new dictators and militarism after WWI discouraged many Americans. Americans were preoccupied with the Great Depression Americans supported isolationism—the belief that the United States should avoid international commitments that might drag the nation into war.

29. American Turns to Neutrality Nye Committee: in 1934, a congressional committee uncovered how arms factories had amassed huge profits during WWI. Many Americans believed that they were tricked into WWI by businesses and arms manufacturers. Neutrality Act of 1935: a law that made in illegal to sell arms to any country at war. Spanish Civil War: began in 1936; a rebellion began in Spain following the election of a coalition of Republican, Socialist, and Communists; the rebellion led by General Francisco Franco and Spanish Fascists, the army, landowners, etc.

30. America Turns to Neutrality Axis Powers – After the Spanish Civil War began in 1936, Hitler and Mussolini signed an agreement on cooperation. – Japan later aligned itself with Germany and Italy. – Together, they became known as the Axis Powers

31. Roosevelt and Internationalism Internationalism: the idea that trade between nations creates prosperity and helps to prevent war. Roosevelt supported internationalism and warned that the nation should not allow “lawlessness” infect the world.

32. World War II Begins By 1940, Hitler was bent on conquest and the German army had been rebuilt. European leaders had not tried to stop Hitler when he was much weaker. Appeasement: the policy of giving concessions in exchange for peace Most Europeans refused to stop him earlier because: – Memories of WWI – Many believed German should be allowed to control German- speaking regions of Europe – They believed Hitler would stop once they gained more territory.

33. Appeasement and Hitler’s Aggression Hitler takes Austria (March, 1938) Munich Conference (September 29, 1938) ; Czechoslovakia: After the Munich Conference, Hitler turned his attention to Poland. Hitler demanded return of Danzig region of Poland. France and England announced they would defend Poland August 23, 1939: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact September 1, 1939: Germany invades Poland. September 3, 1939, Britain and France declare war on Germany, WWII begins

35. U.S. Entry into War II

36. Key Terms Lend-Lease Act: December, 1940 act by which the US was able to lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the US; Atlantic Charter: a charter written following a meeting of Winston Churchill and FDR in August, 1941; this charter committed the US and England to a postwar world of democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic advancment, and freedom of the seas. Pearl Harbor: site of a devastating surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. Pacific Fleet in December 7 th, 1941; 21 US ships sank or damaged; 188 airplanes destroyed; aand 2,403 Americans killed; the next day, the US declared war on Japan; days later, German and Italy declared war on the USA

37. FDR and the “Four Freedoms” Following his reelection in 1940, F.D. Roosevelt called on the US to support England’s fight against Hitler In 1941, FDR listed “Four Freedoms” upon with the US stood—a rallying cry for the US: – Freedom of speech – Freedom of worship – Freedom from want – Freedom from fear

38. Lend-Lease Act By December 1940, Great Britain had run out of money to wage war against Germany. In 1940, the US began to lend or lease arms to any country considered to be “vital to the defense of the US.” England agreed to return or pay rent for the arms after WWII. Under this program, the US sent over $50 billion in weapons, vehicles and supplies to the Allies.

39. Atlantic Charter In August 1941 F.D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill (GB) met face-to- face on board American British warships anchored near Newfoundland. Agreed on text of the Atlantic Charter – Committed leaders to a postwar world of democracy, nonaggression, free trade, economic advancement and freedom of the seas

40. U.S. Entry into War II

41. Key Terms Lend-Lease Act: December, 1940 act by which the US was able to lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the US; Atlantic Charter: a charter written following a meeting of Winston Churchill and FDR in August, 1941; this charter committed the US and England to a postwar world of democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic advancment, and freedom of the seas. Pearl Harbor: site of a devastating surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. Pacific Fleet in December 7 th, 1941; 21 US ships sank or damaged; 188 airplanes destroyed; aand 2,403 Americans killed; the next day, the US declared war on Japan; days later, German and Italy declared war on the USA

42. FDR and the “Four Freedoms” Following his reelection in 1940, F.D. Roosevelt called on the US to support England’s fight against Hitler In 1941, FDR listed “Four Freedoms” upon with the US stood—a rallying cry for the US: – Freedom of speech – Freedom of worship – Freedom from want – Freedom from fear

43. Lend-Lease Act By December 1940, Great Britain had run out of money to wage war against Germany. In 1940, the US began to lend or lease arms to any country considered to be “vital to the defense of the US.” England agreed to return or pay rent for the arms after WWII. Under this program, the US sent over $50 billion in weapons, vehicles and supplies to the Allies.

44. Atlantic Charter In August 1941 F.D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill (GB) met face-to- face on board American British warships anchored near Newfoundland. Agreed on text of the Atlantic Charter – Committed leaders to a postwar world of democracy, nonaggression, free trade, economic advancement and freedom of the seas

45. Japan Attacks the US The Japanese attack on the US finally drew the US into World War 2. Japan wanted to resources for its industry. The Japanese military had seized the resource-rich province of Manchuria in northern China in 1931. Japan invaded China in 1937.

46. Japan Attacks the US Roosevelt put pressure on Japan in 1939 and 1940 to keep Japan from attacking British territory in South East Asia Export Control Act (1940): restricted sale of strategic materials to Japan (airplane fuel, scrap metal). Japan joined the Axis shortly after Japan attacked southern Indochina in 1941 and threatened English and French colonies.

47. Japan Attacks the US Because Japan had decided to attack British and French regions of southeast Asia, they needed to destroy the American fleet at Pearl Harbor. On November 26, 1941, six Japanese aircraft carriers, two battleships and several warships set sail for Hawaii. Surprise attack on the US Pacific Fleet at Pearl Harbor occurred on December 7 th, 1941.

48. Japan Attacks the US The Japanese attack on the US finally drew the US into World War 2. Roosevelt put pressure on Japan in 1939 and 1940 to keep Japan from attacking British territory in South East Asia Export Control Act (1940) Japan attacked Indochina in 1941

49. Chapter 19: Key Terms Appeasement: the policy of giving concessions in exchange for peace Blitzkrieg: lightning war; German used large numbers of massed tanks to break through and rapidly encircle enemy positions; waves of aircraft supported the tanks Dunkirk: small town in northern France where British and French troops were rescued from Hitler’s army in June, 1940 Luftwaffe: German air force Battle of Britain: air battle between England’s Royal Air Force and Germany’s Luftwaffe in Fall, 1940;

50. Key Terms (Holocaust) Holocaust: name given to the mass slaughter to the Jews and other groups by Hitler and the NAZIs during WW2 Nuremberg Laws: German laws passed in September, 1935 that took citizenship away from Jewish Germans; banned marriage between Germans and Jews; prohibited Jews from voting or holding political office; also Jews were restricted from certain occupations Kristallnacht: “night of broken glass”; anti-Jewish violence and riots that swept through Germany and Austria in November, 1938 Concentration camps: detention centers where Jews worked as slaves until they died from exhaustion, disease, or malnutrition Extermination camps: next to the concentration camps; camps where Jews were executed in massive gas chambers Auschwitz: massive extermination camp, housed about 100,000 people in 300 prison baracks; 1.6 million Jews, Gypsies, Soviet prisoners of war and other people died at this camp.

51. Key Terms Lend-Lease Act: December, 1940 act by which the US was able to lend or lease arms to any country considered “vital to the defense of the US; Atlantic Charter: a charter written following a meeting of Winston Churchill and FDR in August, 1941; this charter committed the US and England to a postwar world of democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic advancment, and freedom of the seas. Pearl Harbor: site of a devastating surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. Pacific Fleet in December 7 th, 1941; 21 US ships sank or damaged; 188 airplanes destroyed; and 2,403 Americans killed; the next day, the US declared war on Japan; days later, German and Italy declared war on the USA

52. Sponge Activity What is the photo to the right? What does it have to do with World War II?

53. Mobilizing for War: Converting the Economy Industrial output during WWII astounded the world and brought the US out of the Depression. Roosevelt moved the US onto a war path following Hitler’s blitzkrieg attack into France in 1940.

54. Mobilizing for War: Converting the Economy Shocked by the success of Hitler’s attack on France, Roosevelt announced a plan to build 50,000 warplanes a year. The government agreed to pay a company whatever it cost to make a product plus a guaranteed percentage of the costs as profit

55. Mobilizing for War: Converting the Economy Reconstruction Finance Corporation: a government agency set up during the Depression that made loans to companies to help them cover the cost of converting to war production

56. Mobilizing for War: Converting the Economy The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor changed everything in terms of the economy. By the summer of 1942, almost all major industries had converted to war production. Automobile factories began to produce tanks, jeeps, and trucks.

57. Mobilizing for War: Converting the Economy Henry Ford launched one of the most ambitious projects when he created an assembly line for the enormous B-24 bomber known as “the Liberator.” The automobile industry produced nearly one- third of the military equipment manufactured during the war.

59. Mobilizing for War: Converting the Economy Liberty Ship Built at Henry Kaiser’s shipyard. The Liberty ship was the basic cargo ship used during the war.

60. Mobilizing for War: Converting the Economy War Industrial Board: a government agency created to set priority and production goals and to control the distribution of raw materials and supplies.

61. Building the Army The USA also needed to build up its armed forces. Selective Service Training Act – Established the first peacetime draft in American history established after Germany’s defeat of France, August 1940.

62. Life in the Home Front The war finally put an end to the Great Depression. The war generated almost 19 million new jobs and nearly doubled the average family’s income. With so many men in the military, employers began to recruit women and minorities. The great symbol of the campaign to ire women was Rosie the Riveter, a character from a popular song by the Four Vagabonds. Eventually 2.5 million women went to work in shipyards, aircraft factories and other manufacturing plants.

67. World War II: Key Terms (p. 610-648) Rosie the Riveter Bracero Program Great Migration Zoot Suit Riots Japanese American Relocation (internment camps) Korematsu v. the United States Rationing Victory Gardens Omar Bradley Dwight D. Eisenhower Douglas MacArthur George Marshall George Patton Admiral Chester Nimitz Bataan Death March Battle of Midway Battle of Stalingrad Island-Hopping in the Pacific (p. 635) Normandy (D–Day) Iwo Jima Harry Truman Manhattan Project atomic bomb Hiroshima, Nagasaki V-J Day

68. Zoot Suit Riots Caused by racism and fears of juvenile crime during World War II. Zoot Suit: very baggy, pleated pants with an overstuffed, knee- length jacket with wide lapels; wide-brimmed hat and long key chain;

70. Zoot Suit Riots Mexican American teenagers adopted the zoot suit as a form of self-identity and ethnic expression. The excessive use of fabric with the zoot-suit seemed unpatriotic to white Americans

71. Zoot Suit Riots Rumors that Mexican American zoot suiters had attacked a group of sailors in Los Angeles triggered racial tension and violence in the city in June 1943. 2500 sailors stormed into Mexican neighborhoods in LA, attacked Mexican American teenagers, cut their hair, tore off their zoot suits. Police stood buy The city of LA banned the zoot suit.

72. Zoot Suit Riots

73. “pachuco” Zoot-suiters

77. Japanese Internment United States Executive Order 9066 : a United States presidential executive order signed and issued during World War II by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt on February 19, 1942. The order cleared the way for the relocation of Japanese Americans to internment camps. Korematsu v. the United States: a Supreme Court decision allowing for the internment of Japanese- Americans during WWII

78. Japanese Internment

82. Racism against the Japanese

83. WWII: Pushing the Axis Back If the allies were going to win WWII, they had to land their troops in Europe and on the islands of the Pacific. The first large Allied invasion of the war occurred in November, 1942 in North Africa. Its success led to the Casablanca Conference in January, 1943. At this meeting, Roosevelt and Churchill met and agreed to increase their bombardment of Germany

84. Allies Invasion of North Africa

86. WWII: Pushing the Axis Back Strategic Bombing: gave the Allies command of the skies in Germany by the D-Day invasion in 1944. Between January 1943 and May, 1945, the Royal Air Force and the US Eight Army Air Force dropped 53,000 tons of explosive on Germany every month.

87. WWII: Pushing the Axis Back The allies next planned for an invasion of Sicily (Italy). General Dwight D. Eisenhower was placed on command of the invasion. General George Patton was put in command of US forces on the ground. Invasion began on July 10, 1943.

88. WWII: Pushing the Axis Back Patton’s rapid success brought about the surrender of Italy on September 8, 1943. Germany dug in and held onto northern Italy. Fighting continued until late 1944 when they captured Rome. 300,000 Allied casualties, the bloodiest campaign of the war.

94. Pushing the Axis Back In late 1943, President Roosevelt met with Joseph Stalin and Winston Churchill in Tehran, Iran. They agreed: – Stalin agreed to launch offensive against German when Allies invaded France. – Break up German after the War – Soviet Union to help Japan after German defeat

99. WWII: The Invasion of Europe General Eisenhower selected to command the invasion of France following the meeting of the Big Three in Tehran (1943). Operation consisted of 1.5 million American soldiers, 12,000 airplanes and 5 million tons of equipment. The date for the invasion came to be known as D-Day. Based on tide, moon, and weather conditions, the date chosen was June 6 th, 1944. Target: Normandy, France

100. WWII: The Invasion of Europe D-Day (the Longest Day): Involved 7,000 ships carrying 100,000 men 23,000 paratroopers Beach landing at “Utah” beach went well, only 200 casualties. “Omaha” Beach much different, over 2500 Americans killed or wounded. A total of 9,000 Allied soldiers lost their life on D-Day. Invasion succeeded nonetheless as over 150,000 troops landed.

104. Utah Beach June 6 th, 1944

105. Omaha Beach

113. The Third Reich Collapses Following D-Day, Allied troops advanced across France. The French Resistance — French civilians who had organized to resist German occupation of their country— staged a rebellion in Paris after the Normandy invasion. Allied troops liberated Paris, France on August 25, 1944. Three weeks later, American troops were within 20 miles of the German border.

115. The War Ends By end of February, 1945, American troops had fought their way to the Rhine River, Germany’s last line of defense. German defenses crumbled quickly. Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945. On May 7 th, 1945, Germany surrendered.

116. Japan is Defeated On April 12, 1945, President Roosevelt died. His vice-president Harry S. Truman becomes president. Germany surrendered a few weeks later; the war with Japan continued.

117. Key Terms Stalingrad: key battle and turning point of WW 2 fought in second half of 1942; puts Germans on the defensive in eastern Europe. D-Day: June 6, 1944 marking date of Allied invasion of western Europe at Normandy, France; “Operation Overlord” V-E Day: May 8 th, 1945, Victory in Europe day; Germans accept unconditional surrender Manhattan Project: the American program to build an atomic bomb led by General Leslie R. Groves. Robert Oppenheimer led a team of engineers and scientists at secret lab in Alamos, New Mexico that succeeded in building the first atomic bomb. Hiroshima: On August 6 th, 1945, a B-29 bomber named the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, code-named “Little Boy” on Hiroshima, Japan; three days later, the US drops a second atomic bomb— “Fat Man” on the city of Nagasaki. V-J Day: August 15, 1945, Japan accepts unconditional surrender Nuremberg trials: trial of German leaders suspected of committing war crimes held after WWII held by the International Military Tribunal; led to the execution of 36 German leaders; many others sentenced to prison.

118. Defeat of Japan Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942): turning point in the War with Japan; Island-Hopping (Fall, 1943) – Marshall Islands – Mariana Islands MacArthur Returns to the Philippines – Guadalcanal: (August 1942) – Philippines: October, 1944 – Tokyo bombed: Nov 24, 1944 Iwo Jima: February 19, 1945; 6,800 American troops killed taking the island; provided US an nearby air base for bombing Japan Okinawa (April 1, 1945): 12,000 American soldiers, sailors, and marines die in the fighting; June 22, 1945 captured

121. Defeat of Japan Hiroshima: On August 6 th, 1945, a B-29 bomber named the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, code- named “Little Boy” on Hiroshima, Japan Three days later, the US drops a second atomic bomb— “Fat Man” on the city of Nagasaki.

122. V-J Day

123. Taks Review: World War II (1939-1945) Atlantic Charter: a charter written following a meeting of Winston Churchill and FDR in August, 1941; this charter committed the US and England to a postwar world of democracy, non-aggression, free trade, economic advancement, and freedom of the seas. Appeasement: the policy of giving concessions in exchange for peace Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942): turning point in the War with Japan General Eisenhower selected to command the invasion of France following the meeting of the Big Three in Tehran (1943). Korematsu v. the United States: Supreme Court decision allowing for the internment of Japanese-Americans during WWII D-Day: day of invasion of Europe by the US; June 6 th, 1944: Target: Normandy, France; liberate Europe from the Nazis; also referred to as Operation Overlord or the Normandy invasion Hiroshima: On August 6 th, 1945, a B-29 bomber named the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb, code-named “Little Boy” on Hiroshima, Japan Iwo Jima: February 19, 1945; 6,800 American troops killed taking the island; provided US an nearby air base for bombing Japan Manhattan Project: the American program to build an atomic bomb led by General Leslie R. Groves; Robert Oppenheimer Pearl Harbor: site of a devastating surprise attack by Japan on the U.S. Pacific Fleet in December 7 th, 1941; Stalingrad: key battle and turning point of WW 2 fought in second half of 1942; puts Germans on the defensive in eastern Europe. Rationing: government controls the availability of goods and services to consumers for the war effort