1. Participatory Rural Appraisal and Rapid Rural Appraisal Sundar Neupane

2. History of Development thought 1950:Reconstruction/transfer of capital/ modernization 1960:Transfer of technology, Economic nationalization 1970:Integrated rural development community participation ( RRA) 1980:Participatory approach community empowerment (PRA) 1990:Sustainable development and Human development 2000:People-led Development

3. RRA RRA is a fusion of qualitative methodologies and techniques of geography and the social science. It is an attempt to introduce a systematic qualitative approach to achieve the goal of sustainable livelihood security at the level of village, community or group. Convey and Litvinoff

4. PRA is a growing family of approaches and methods to enable local people to share, enhance and analyze their knowledge of life and conditions and to plan, act, monitor and evaluate. RobertChambers

5. PRA is a methodology for interacting with local people, understanding them and learning from them. It involves a set of principles, a process of communication and a menu of methods for seeking people’s participation and enabling them to do their own analysis with a view to make use of learning.

6. Principles of PRA Optimal Ignorance Seeking Diversity Offsetting Biases and Triangulating Listening and Learning

7. Seven edicts of PRA Go to the people Live with them Serve them Respect them Plan with them Start with what they know Build on what they have

8. The Foundation of PRA 1.Attitude/Behaviour 2.Methods 3.Sharing

9. Facilitators Attitude for PRA Unlearn to learn Ground to Paper Willingness to get dirty Optimal Ignorance Indirect means

10. Ten myths about PRA That it is quick. That it is easy. That anyone can do it. That it is ‘just’ fancy techniques. That it is based on particular disciplinary perspectives.

11. That it has no theoretical base. That it is a new invention That training is the answer. That social actors involved are neutral. That it is non political.

12. Some guidelines for PRA Some guidelines for PRA Try to make maximum participation Respect to all Always ask open question Try to visualize the question More listen and less Speak. Don’t be bias while discussing Handover the leadership as much as fast Respect to local culture Focus on participation rather than information

13. Methods /tools used in PRA Participatory mapping ( Social map & Recourse map) Problem tree Transect walk Seasonal calendar Timelines Ranking/Scoring Venn diagram

14. Mobility map Focus group discussion Semi structure interview Empowerment cycle Spider chart

15. Thank you Sundar Neupane