2. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Rapid/Participatory Rural Appraisal A.A. Adepetu A. Berthe Tony Nyong AIACC Workshop on Climate Change Vulnerability and Adaptation 3-14 June, Trieste, Italy

3. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali The Way We Were  Disillusionment with Questionnaire Surveys Time Consuming, Complicated, Often poorly designed  Rural Development Tourism Biases Spatial Bias People Bias Time Bias Project Bias  Lack of Recognition of Local Knowledge

4. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Enter: Rapid Rural Appraisal  A process of learning about rural conditions in an intensive, iterative, and expeditious manner – GrandStaff et al. (1987).  A Systematic but semi-structured activity carried out in the field by a multi-disciplinary team, and designed to acquire quickly new information on, and hypotheses about, rural life – Conway and Barbier (1990).

5. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Goodbye: Rapid Rural Appraisal  Disillusionment with the Rapidity in RRA  Critics consider RRA to be a quick and dirty technique.  Need for Community Participation Should Involve Whole Community Assessment of Needs Reflect the Community as a Whole

6. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Enter: Participatory Rural Appraisal “an approach and methods for learning about rural life and conditions from, with and by rural people (Chambers 1992). PRA extends into analysis, planning and action and closely involves villagers and local officials in the process. It is a shift from extractive survey questionnaires to experience sharing by local people.

7. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Participatory Learning Appraisal

8. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali TypologyCharacteristics of Each Type 1. Passive Participation People participate by being told what has been decided or has already happened. Information being shared belongs only to external professionals. 2. Participation by Consultation People participate by being consulted or by answering questions. Process does not concede any share in decision-making, and professionals are under no obligation to take on board people's views. 3. Bought Participation People participate in return for food, cash or other material incentives. Local people have no stake in prolonging technologies or practices when the incentives end. 4. Functional Participation Participation seen by external agencies as a means to achieve their goals, especially reduced costs. People participate by forming groups to meet predetermined objectives. 5. Interactive Participation People participate in joint analysis, development of action plans and formation or strengthening of local groups or institutions. Learning methodologies used to seek multiple perspectives, and groups determine how available resources are used. 6. Self-Mobilization and Connectedness People participate by taking initiatives independently to change systems. They develop contacts with external institutions for resources and technical advice they need, but retain control over how resources are used. Types of Participation

9. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali PRA - Value Added  Empowerment  Respect  Localization  Enjoyment  Inclusiveness

10. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Typical PRA/RRA Concepts  Appropriate Precision  Optimal Ignorance  Value of Indigenous Knowledge  Triangulation/Iteration  Flexibility  Interactive Teamwork

11. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Typical RRA/PRA Methodology  Research Design/Selection of Study Area  Team Composition  Brainstorming/ Developing Sub-Topics  Data Collection  Analysis and Report Writing

12. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali  Research Design/Selection of Study Area Rapid Rural Reconnaissance Secondary Data Sources Workshop  Team Composition Interdisciplinary Team Small Size Assignment of Roles

13. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali  Developing Sub-Topics/Brain Storming Focus on Project Goal Participation takes precedence over creativity "No Criticism" and "No Cross-Talk" Use a Board or Paper on the Wall Prioritize Sub-Topics

14. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali  Data Collection Qualitative Methods In-depth Interviews Informal Conversational Interview Semi-Structured Interview Standardized Open-ended Interview

15. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali  Diagramatic Techniques Participatory Mapping Base Maps Transect Diagrams Venn Diagrams  Ranking Exercises Problem Ranking Preference Ranking Wealth Ranking

16. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali  Trend Analysis Daily Activity Charts Seasonal Calendars Annual Calendars

17. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali  Analysis and Report Writing Three important stages for the analysis and understanding of a given problem situation: Understanding history and the present Designed to focus on how situations arose. A focus on history is always an easy starting point. Setting out desirable futures Designed to encourage participants to think about how they would like things to be – what is their ideal future? Defining action to get to the future Once the desirable future is established, then participants can be encouraged to dwell on how they can achieve such a future.

18. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Case Study RRA in Wereng Village, Nigeria

19. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Map of Wereng Village, Jos Explore the area View from hill top Start with outline map Draw agro-systems boundaries Revise as needed

20. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Typical Transect Diagram Select two walks through the main agro- ecosystems Sketch major features Briefly describe soils; crops; livestock; problems; and opportunities Include only typical sites

21. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Historical Profile of Wereng Village Obtain secondary data Identify key events, e.g. New roads, new crops, disease outbreak, major political events Interview key informants

22. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Crop Production Trend Obtain secondary data for at least 10 years Obtain more data from key informers Seek trends for: yields, livestock, prices, population, Allow space for projections

23. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Population Trends

24. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Economic Trends

25. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Seasonal Calendar Obtain secondary data on climate, crop sequences, prices, etc. Additional data from interviews Start with climate on separate sheets. Indicate ranges and proportions

26. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Venn Diagram Obtain relevant data Identify key sectors and institutions Identify degree of decision-making overlap Draw circles to rep. Institutions /sectors. Equate importance with size. Arrange circles with appropriate overlap.

27. Centre for Environmental Resources and Hazards Research, University of Jos, Nigeria Institut d”Economie Rural C/o Ministere du Developpement Rural, Mali Viability Evaluation of Four Identified Projects