2. CF.0=M,LS A|[S ;L:8D CF.0=M,LS A|[S l;:8DDF\ HIFZ[ A|[S 5[0, NAFJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ tIFZ[ DF:8Z;L,Lg0ZGM 5L:8GYL VFU/ B;[ K[P T[GF VFU/ HJFYL ZLhJ" JMIZG] D[.G 5M8" B],L H. VM., GLR[ VFJ[ K[P5L:8G p5Z J3] NAF6 VFJTF T[ VFU/GF R[S JF<JG[ BM,[ K[ VG[ VM., 5F.5,F.GDF\ Y. jCL, ;L,Lg0ZDF\ HFI K[PjCL, ;L,Lg0ZDF\ J3FZFG]\ VM., VFJTF jCL, ;L,Lg0ZGF 5L:8GGM N]Z HFI K[ VG[ A|[S X] G[ 5CM/F SZ[ K[ VFYL A|[S X] A|[S 0=D ;FY[,FUL HFI K[P VG[ JFCGG[ A|[S,FU[ K[P HIFZ[ A|[S 5[0, p5ZYL 5U p5F0L,[JFDF\ VFJ[ tIFZ[ jCL, ;L,Lg0ZDF\YL VM., 5FK] 5F.5,F.GDF\ Y. DF:8Z ;L,Lg0ZDF\ VFJ[ K[P 5L:8G l:5|\UG[,L3[ 5FK/ HTM ZC[ K[ VG[ ZLhJ" JMIZG]\ SMd5|[gX[8L\U OM8" B],L HFI K[P VFYL T[ VM., ZLhJ" JMIZDF\ RF,L HFI K[P

3. WORKING OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE INLET PORT COMPENSATING PORT CHECK VALVE MASTER CYLINDER BRAKE ON WHEN THE DRIVER DEPRESSES THE BRAKE PEDAL, THE MASTER PISTON MOVES FORWARD CUTTING OFF THE FLUID SUPPLY FROM THE RESERVOIR. HYDRAULIC PRESSURE MOVES THE PISTONS OF THE WHEEL CYLENDER

4. TYPES OF BRAKES  MECHANICAL BRAKES  HYDRAULIC BRAKES  VACUUM-ASSISTED BRAKES  AIR PRESSURE ASSISTED BRAKES  AIR PRESSURE BRAKES  HYDRAULIC DISC BRAKES

5. MECHANICAL BRAKES

6. HYDRAULIC BRAKES

7. VACUUM ASSISTED BRAKES 1.POWER CYLINDER ASSEMBLY 2.DIAPHRAGM 3.MASTER CYLINDER 4.VALVE 5.BRAKE PEDAL 6.LINKAGES 7.LINKAGES

8. AIR PRESSURE ASSISTED BRAKES

9. AIR PRESSURE BRAKES AIR-COMPRESSOR HOSE UNLOADER VALVE AIR TANK PRESSURE GAUGE BRAKE VALVE HAND CONTROL VALVE BRAKE CHAMBER BR.OPR. ROD SLACK ADJUSTER

10. HYDRAULIC DISC BRAKES

11. TANDAM MASTER CYLINDER 5lZRI  VF 5C[,F GF\,[XG DF\ H[ DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z lJQF[ HF6L UIF T[ ;L\U, 5L:8G DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z CT]P  H]GF JFCGM H[JF S[ V[dA[;[0Z4OLVF84HL5 DF\ ;L\U, 5L:8G DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z OL8 SZJF DF VFJT] CT]P  CF, GF\ JFCGM 5C[,F GF\ JFCGM SZTF 36F\ h05 YL NM0[ K[4VF SFZ6[ T[G[ VMKF ;DI DF\ VG[ 8]\SF V\TZ[ YMEFJJ] H~ZL K[  p5ZMS¿ AFAT G[ wIFG[,. VFH GL NZ[S CF.:5L0 SFZ T[DH D<8L I]8L,L8L jCLS, DF\ 8[g0D DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z OL8 SZJF DF\ VFJ[ K[P

12. ZRGF\  VF DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z GL AM0L V[<I]DLGLID V[,MI VYJF SFQ8 VFIG" GL AGFJ[, CMI K[P  8[g0D DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z DF\ A[ 5L:8G V[S lAHF GL VFU/v5FK/ OL8 SZJF DF\ VFJ[ K[P  A|[S,UFJTF V[S 5L:8G VFU/ GF AgG[ jCL, DF\ A|[S VM., G[ Ý[XZ YL ;%,F. SZ[ K[4HIFZ[ lAHM 5L:8G 5FK/ GF\ AgG[ jCL, DF\ ;%,F. SZ[ K[P  AgG[ 5L:8G GL ;FY[ V[S ÝFIDZL VG[ ;[S[g0ZL ZaAZ S5 OL8 SZJF DF\ VFJ[ K[P

13. ZRGF\  l;,Lg0Z DF\ A[ AFI5F; 5M8"4VG[ A[.G8[S 5M8" CMI K[4H[ AgG[ 5L:8G G[ VM., ;%,F. SZ[ K[P  A|[S DFZTF ÝFIDZL 5L:8G VFU/ GL TZO WS[,FI K[4tIFZ[ TGL VFU/ CF.0=M,LS Ý[XZ pt5gG YJFYL T[DH ÝFIDZL 5L:8G GL VFU/ ZC[, :ÝL\U GL DNN äFZF ;[S[g0ZL 5L:8G 56 VFU/ GL TZO WS[,FI K[P  VF SFZ6[ UlT SZTF jCL, DF\ A|[S,FUL HFI K[P  ÝFIDZL VG[ ;[S[g0ZL ZaAZ S5 VFDF\ V[H ÝSFZ[ SFI" SZ[ H[D ;L\U, 5L:8G DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z DF\ SZ[ K[P

14. SFI" 5wWlT  VCL\ VF56[ CF, GL SFZ DF\ 8[g0D DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z GL SFI" 5wWlT lJQF[ ;DHLV[P  DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z GM ÝFIDZL 5L:8G A|[S 5[0, NAFJTF A|[S VM., G[ Ý[XZ GL ;FY[ VFU/ GF\ 0FAL AFH] GF\ jCL, VG[ 5FK/ GF\ HD6L AFH] GF\ jCL, l;,Lg0Z DF\ DMS,[ K[P  ;[S[g0ZL 5L:8G A|[S VM., G[ Ý[XZ VFU/ GF\ HD6L AFH] VG[ 5FK/ GF\ 0FAL AFH] GF\ jCL, l;,Lg0Z DMS,[ K[P

15. SFI" 5wWlT  A|[S 5[0, NAFJTF ÝFIDZL 5L:8G YM0M VFU/ GL TZO B;[ K[PVF SFZ6[ T[GL VFU/ ZC[,] A|[S VM., NAF. G[ VFU/ GF\ 0FAL AFH] T[DH 5FK/ GF\ HD6L AFH] GF\ jCL, l;,Lg0Z HJF GL X~VFT Y. HFI K[4VG[ A|[S,FUJFGL X~VFT Y. HFI K[P  ÝFIDZL 5L:8G GF\ VFU/ HJF GF\ SFZ6[ A|[S VM., Ý[XZ GL ;FY[ T[GL VFU/,FU[, :ÝL\U G[ NAFJL ;[S[g0ZL 5L:8G G[ 56 VFU/ GL TZO WS[,[ K[P  VF ÊLIF ;[S[g0ZL 5L:8G VFU/ GF\ HD6L AFH] GF\ VG[ 5FK/ GF\ 0FAL AFH] GF\ jCL, l;,Lg0Z G[ A|[S VM., 5M\CRF0L A|[S,UF0JFGL X~VFT SZ[ K[P

16. SFI" 5wWlT

17. BRAKING SYSTEM

18. HYDRAULIC BRAKE  UlT SZTF JFCG G[ ZMSJF DF\8[ T[GL SF.G[8LS V[GHL" G[ CL8 V[GHL" DF\ TANL, SZJL 50[ K[P  ;FWFZ6 ZLT[ A|[S 5[0, 5Z 20 YL 40 SLPU|F G] NAF6 VF5JF DF\ VFJ[ K[P  VF Ý[XZ G[ JFCG GF\ RFZ[I jCL, ;]WL 5MCRF0JF DF\8[ 5F:S, GF\ lGID GM ÝIMU SZJF DF\ VFJ[ K[P

19.  JFI] GF\ V6]VM B]<,F 5F+ DF\ CMI tIFZ[ V[S ALHF YL 36F\ N]Z CMI K[P 5Z\T] NAF6 VF5L T[G[ GHLS,FJL XSFI K[P  VF SFZ6[ H 8FIZM DF\ S[ N0F DF CJF ;\SMRL G[ EZL XSFI K[P5Z\T] ÝJFCL GF\ V6]VM V[S ALHF GL GHLS CMJFYL ÝJFCL GF\ SN G[ NAF6 VF5L 38F0L XSFT] GYLP  ÝJFCL 5Z NAF6 VF5JF DF\ VFJ[ TM T[ NAF6 V[S 5Z YL ALHF V6] 5Z V[ ZLT[ VFBF ÝJFCL DF\ Ý;ZL HFI K[P  ÝJFCL DF\ NAF6 DF\ ;\RFZ6 GM lGID Ë[gR J{7FGL 5F:S,[ XMWL SF-IMP ÝJFCL G] NAF6

20. HYDRAULIC BRAKE PASCAL’S LAW  AWL AFH]V[ YL A\W SM. 5F+ DF\ ÝJFCL p5Z,FU[,] A/4 AWL lNXF DF\ V[S ;ZBL ZLT[ NAF6 SZ[ K[P  VF lGID GL DNN YL ÝJFCL GL VMKL ;5F8L 5Z VMK] A/,UF0L4JW] ;5F8L 5Z 36] JWFZ[ A/ D[/JL XSFI K[P

21. ;DH] TL a 1 =5cm 2 F 1 =6kg F 2 =? a 2 =20cm 2 BA VFS'lT DF\ ATFjIF D]HA WFZMS[ A S\8[GZ GF\ VF0 K[N G] 1F[+O/ a 1 = 5 cm 2 K[PVG[ T[GF\ 5L:8G 5Z VF5JF DF\ VFJT] A/ F 1 =6kg K[PHIFZ[ S\8[GZ B GF\ VF0 K[N G] 1F[+O/ a 2 =20cm 2 K[PTM F 2 =?  NAF6 = F 1 = F 2 a 1 a 2  F 2 = F 1 x a 2 a1 a1 HIF\ F 1 = 6kg, a 2 = 20cm 2 VG[ a 1 = 5cm 2  F 2 = 6 x 20 5  F 2 = 24kg.  24kg G] A/ p¿5gG YX[P

22. PRINCIPLE OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE  VF lGID VG];FZ JFCG DF\ CF.0=M,LS A|[S l;:8D 0LhF.G SZJF DF\ VFJL K[P  VFDF\ O]8 5[0, NAFJJF YL V[S l;,Lg0Z S[ H[G[ DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[4H[DF\ EZ[,] VM., NAF. G[ lAHF V[S l;,Lg0Z H[G[ jCL, l;,Lg0Z SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[ T[DF\ HFI K[P H[GF\ YL A|[S VM5Z[8 YFI K[PVF jCL, l;,Lg0ZM GM 0FIFlD8Z V[8,MH ZFBJF DF\ VFJ[ K[ H[H[8,F OM;" GL VF56 G[ H~ZLIFT K[P

23. PRINCIPLE OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE  VFS'lT DF\ ATFjIF D]HA DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z ;FY[ jCL, l;,Lg0Z HM0JF DF\ VFJ[, K[P  HM DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z G[ 50kg OM;" YL NAFJJF DF\ VFJ[ TM 5L:8G A,B, VG[ C YL H[ OM;" lGS/X[ T[ OM;" 150, 300, 600 kg GF[ CX[P

24. PARTS OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE  BRAKE PEDAL  PUSH ROD  MASTER CYLINDER  WHEEL CYLINDER

25. LAY OUT OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE

26. WORKING OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE BRAKE RELEASED WHEN THE DRIVER RELEASES THE PEDAL, THE RETURNING FLUID OPENS THE CHECK VALVE AND SLOWLY RE-ENTERS THE MASTER- CYLINDER.A SPRING CLOSES THE VALVE TO LEAVE A SLIGHT PRESSURE IN THE LINE

27. WORKING OF HYDRAULIC BRAKE BRAKE OFF. THE RETURNING FLUID FORCES THE MASTER CYLINDER PISTON BACK UNTIL THE RESERVOIR PORT IS UNCOVERED. THE SPRING IN THE WHEEL CYLINDER KEEPS THE BRAKE SEALS IN POSITION NEXT TO THE PISTONS.

28. INTRODUCTION VF56[ AFAT ;FZL ZLT[ HF6LV[ KLV[ S[ JFCG DF\ D];FOZL SZGFZ 5KL 0=FIJZ CMI S[ D];FOZ4T[GL ;]Z1FF DF\8[ JFCG DF\;FZL :8LIZL\U l;:8D VG[ ;FZL A|[S GL H~ZT 50[ K[P A|[S4H[ UlT SZTF JFCG G[ ZMS[ TM BZLH45Z\T] T[GL ;FY[v;FY[ lG`RLT ;DI VG[ V\TZ[ JFCG G[ ZMSL XS[P VFH GF\ ;DI DF\ H]GF\ HDFGF\ SZTF JW] h05 YL JFCGM RF,[ K[PDF\8[ h05 YL RF,TF JFCGM G[ ZMSJF DF\8[ JW] ;FZL A|[S G] CMJ] JW] H~ZL AGL UI] K[P

29. Requirement of a good Braking System.  A|[S JFCG G[ VMKF ;DI DF\ VG[ VMKF V\TZ DF\ ZMSL XS[ T[JL CMJL HM.V[P  A|[S ;FZF S[ BZFA DFU" DF\ ;FZL ZLT[ SFI" SZ[ T[JL CMJL HM.V[P  0=FIJZ äFZF A|\S DFZTL JBT[ A|[S 5[0, NAFJF DF\ VFJ[ tIFZ[ VMK] A/ JF5ZJ] 50[ T[JL CMJL HM.V[P  A|[S NZ[S kT] DF\ ;FZL ZLT[ SFI" SZL XS[ T[JL CMJL HM.V[P  A|[S l;:8D GF\ 5F8"; H,NL 3;FI G HFI T[JF CMJF HM.V[P  T[DF\ ;FZ ;\EF/ VG[ HF/J6L GL VMKL H~Z 50[P  A|[S DFZTF JFCG V[S AFH] B[\RF. G HFI VG[ AWFH jCL, DF[ V[S ;ZBL A|[S,FUJL HM.V[P

30. Braking action.  A|[SL\U V[SXG äFZF VF56[ V[S S\8=M, OM;" YL UlT SZTF JFCG G[ ZMSL XSLV[ KLV[P  HIFZ[ A|[S OM;" G[ VF5LV[ KLV[ tIFZ[ A|[S 0=D GL V[NZ,FU[, A|[SvX] A|[S 0=D ;FY[ 3QF"6 pt5gG SZ[ K[P  VFYL JFCG GL :5L0 VMKL SZL XSFI K[ VYJF T[G[ ZMSL XSFI K[P

31. Braking action.  VF 5C[,F VF56[ HF^I] S[ CF, GF\ JFCGM B]AH h05 YL UlT SZ[ K[P  h05 YL RF,TF JFCG G[ ZMSJF DF\8[ 36L H JWFZ[ A|[SL\U V[SXG GL H~ZT 50[ K[P  HIFZ[ JFCG UlT SZ[ K[ tIFZ[ T[DF\ SF.G[8[S V[GHL" VFJL HFI K[4VG[ H[D JFCG GL h05 JW[ K[ T[D VF V[GHL" h05 SZTF RFZ U6L JW] Y. HFI K[P  NFPT SM. UlT SZTF JFCG GL h05 AD6L SZL GF\BJF DF\ VFJ[ TM T[DF\ SFIG[8LS V[GHL" VF9 U6L Y. HX[P  VF ;DI[ UlT SZTF JFCG G[ ZMSJF DF\8[ VF56 G[ VF9 U6L A|[SL\U V[SXG GL H~Z 50X[P

32. Example  CF, GF\ JFCGM DF\,UEU 80hp ;]WL GF V[gHLG OL8 SZJF DF\ VFJ[ K[P  T[JF JFCG G[ :YLZ DF\ YL 120km/h UlT DFG SZJF DF\8[,UEU 36 ;[S[g0 GM ;DI,FU[ K[P  HM VF JFCG G[ YMEFJJ] CMI TM T[ DF[8[ 4.5 ;[S[g0 GM ;DI,FU[K[P  p5ZMS¿ AFAT DF HM V[S JFCG 120km/h GL h05[ UlT SZT] CMI VG[ T[G[ YMEFJJF DF\8[ 1/8,FU[ K[P  VF DF\8[ H~ZL K[ S[ A|[S DF\ V[gHLG SZTF VF9 U6L JW] TFSFT CMIP  V[8,[ S[ 80 X 8=640hp p¿5gG SZ[tIFZ[ H 120km/h GL h05[ UlT SZT] JFCG 4.5 ;[S[g0 DF\ YMEL XS[ K[P

33. UlT SZTF JFCG G[ A|[S DFZL G[ YMEFJJ] T[ lGR[ H6FJ[, AFATM p5Z lGE"Z CMI K[P  S[8,F Ý[XZ YL A|[S,F.GL\U 0=D GL ;FY[ 3QF"6 DF\ VFJ[ K[P  JFCG S[ jCL, p5Z S[8,] JHG K[m  8FIZ GL ;F.hP  A|[S 0=D 0FDL8ZP  ZM0 VG[ 8FIZ GL JrR[ SMV[OLXLV[g8 VMO O|LSXGP  A|[SL\U ;ZO[X GL V\NZ SMV[OLXLV[g8 VMO O|LSXGP

34. l0:S A|[S l0:S A|[SDF\ OZTL l0:SGL VFH]AFH] lO|SXG 5[0 ZFbI]\ CMI K[P lO|SXG 5[0 VG[ l0:S J0[ B]A H VMKL HuIF CMI K[P HIFZ[ A|[S 5[0, NAFJJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ tIFZ[ DF:8Z l;,Lg0ZDF\YL VFJT]\ A|[S O,].0 VF 5[0G[ VM5Z[8 SZL l0:SG[ OZTL V8SFJ[ K[P VF l0:S sSF:8 VFI"GfDF\YL AGTL CMJFYL TYF T[ B]<,L ZC[TL CMJFYL UZDL TZT KM0L N[ K[ VG[ A|[SGL SFI"1FDTF J3FZ[ K[P 5ZN[XGL A3LH SFZDF\ VF 5|SFZGL A|[S HMJF D/[ K[P

35. l0:S A|[SGF OFINF o !PUZDL TZT H KM0L N[TL CMJFYL VF A|[SGL SFI"1FDTF J3] K[P ZPA|[S 5[0 K]8F A[;F0[.F CMJFYL T[ 3;F. HTF\ ;C[,F.YL AN,L XSFI K[P #PX] A|[SDF\ A|[S,FIGZ VG[ A|[S 0=D JrR[ S,LIZg; J3L HTF A|[S 5[0, B]A GLR[ RF,L HFI K[P HIFZ[ VF 5|SFZGL D]xS[,L 0L:S A|[SDF\ HMJF D/TL GYLP

36. 8g0[D DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z 8g0[D DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z ;[O[S; s;,FDTf CF.0=M,LS A|[S ;L,Lg0ZDF\ J5ZFI K[P 8g0[D DF:8Z l;,Lg0ZDF\ A[ DF:8Z l;,Lg0Z l5:8G4 A[ R[S JF<J4 A[ 5|FIDZL S5 TYF A[ ;[S0\ZL S5 CMI K[P HIFZ[ ;FZF DF:8Z l;,Lg0ZDF\ V[S l5:8G V[S R[S JF<J4 V[S 5|FIDZL S5 TYF V[S ;[Sg0ZL S5 CMI K[P NZ[S 5|SFZGF DF:8Z l;,Lg0ZG[ VM5Z[8 SZJF DF8[ OST V[S H 5[0, CMI K[P OFINM o 8g0[D DF:8Z l;,Lg0ZYL CF.0=M,LS A|[SGL VFU,L S[ 5FK,L SM.56 V[S 5F.5,F.G OF8L HJFYL A|[S O[, YTL GYL VG[ VS:DFT YTM GYLP