1. ENV506:SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
LESSON 4: ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

2. LEARNING OUTCOMES
describe the functional elements of solid waste management program.
list the importance of waste quantities
identify methods used to quantify solid waste quantities
determine waste generation rates.
identify factors that affect waste generation rates

3. Storage, and processing Collection
Functional element
Description
Waste generation
Those activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal
On- site handling,
Storage, and processing
Those activities associated with the handling, storage, and processing of solid wastes at or near the point of generation
Collection
Those activities associated with the gathering of solid wastes and the hauling of wastes after collection to the location where the collection vehicle is emptied.
Transfer and transport
Those activates associated with (1) the transfer of wastes from the smaller collection vehicle to the larger transport equipment and (2) the subsequent transport of the wastes, usually over long distance to the disposal site.
Processing and recovery
Those techniques equipment and facilities used both to improve the efficiency of the other functional elements and to recover usable materials, conversion products, or energy from solid wastes.
Disposal
Those activities associated with ultimate disposal of solid wastes including those wastes collected and transported directly to a landfill site, semisolid wastes (sludge) from wastewater treatment plants incinerator residue compost, or other substances from the wires solid waste processing plants that are of no further use.
Description of the functional elements of solid waste managements

4. 1ST ELEMENT : WASTE GENERATION

5. Waste generation encompasses activities in which materials are identified as no longer being of value and are either thrown away or gathered together for disposal.
Knowledge of the quantities of solid wastes generated, separated for recycling, and collected for further processing or disposal is of fundamental importance to all aspects of solid waste management.
Solid waste generation rates estimate the amount of waste created by residences or businesses over a certain amount of time (day, year, etc.).
Waste generation rates for residential and commercial activities can be used to estimate the impact of new developments on the local waste stream.
They may be useful in providing a general level of information for planning purposes.

6. No.
Source Of Waste
Residential
Commercial
Institutional 1.
Food waste & organic
63.1
76.8
40.6 2.
Mix paper
6.7
7.6
16.0 3.
Mix plastics
14.3
9.0
17.2 4.
Textiles
1.7
0.5
0.7 5.
Rubber & leather
0.6
0.3
0.1 6.
Yard waste
6.3
0.9
18.4 7.
Glass
2.1
1.5 8.
Ferrous
2.3
1.4
2.8 9.
Aluminum
1.3
10.
Others
2.5
Total (2,3,7,8,9)
25.5
19.0
38.8
Table Solid Waste Composition ( % by weight) in Kuala Lumpur (Nazri,2002)

7. Facilities, activities /location Facilities, activities /location
TYPE OF SOLID WASTES
Domestic or residential
Source
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid waste
Residential
Single family & multifamily detached dwelling,
Low, medium & high-rise apartment, etc.
Food waste, paper, cardboard, plastics, textile, leather, yard waste, wood, glass, tin, cans, aluminum, other metal, ash, street leaves, special waste, household hazardous waste.
Special waste: Bulky items, consumer electronics, white goods, yard wastes collected separately, batteries, and tires.
Commercial
Source
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid waste
Commercial
Stores, restaurants, markets, hotel, motel, print shop, service station, auto repair shop.
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metal, special waste, hazardous waste, ets.

8. Construction and Demolition
Institutional
Source
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid waste
Institutional
Schools, hospitals, prisons, governmental centers.
Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, food waste, glass, metal, special waste, hazardous waste, ets.
Construction and Demolition
Source
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid waste
Construction and demolition
New construction sites, road repair/renovation sites, razing or building, broken pavement.
Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.
Industrial
Source
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid waste
Industrial
Construction, fabrication, light & heavy manufacturing, refineries, chemical plants, power plants, demolition, etc.
Industrial process wastes, scrap materials, etc.
Non-industrial wastes including food wastes, rubbish, ashes, demolition & construction wastes, special wastes, hazardous waste.

9. CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION
AGRICULTIRE
Source
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid waste
Agricultural
Field and row crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies, feedlots, farm, etc.
Spoiled food wastes, agricultural wastes, rubbish, hazardous wastes.
MUNICIPAL SERVICE
Source
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid waste
Municipal service
(Excluding treatment facilities)
Street cleaning, landscaping, catch basin cleaning parks and beaches, other recreational areas.
Special waste, rubbish, street sweepings, landscape and tree trimmings, catch basin debris, general waste from parks, beaches and recreational areas.
CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION
Source
Facilities, activities /location
Type of solid waste
Construction and demolition
New construction sites, road repair/renovation sites, razing or building, broken pavement.
Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.

10. COMPOSITION OF SOLID WASTES
Composition is the term used to describe the individual components that make up a solid waste stream and their relative distribution, usually based on percent by weight. Information on the composition of solid wastes is important in evaluating equipment needs, systems, and management programs and plans.
The composition of municipal solid waste reflects the affluence of the way of life, the economic status and social behavior of the society.

11. Composition of refuse from the municipality of KL, Petaling Jaya and Penang
Kuala Lumpur
Petaling Jaya
Paper & cardboard
25.5
30.0
27.0
Textile & leather
3.4
2.5
3.1
Plastics
11.2
9.8
16.4
Rubber
0.8
0.2
2.0
wood
14.4
3.2
7.0
garbage
32.8
40.8
36.5
Metal ferrous & non-ferrous
2.6
4.6
3.9
Glass & ceramics
1.4
3.0
Others 8
5.9
1.0

12. PROPERTIES OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES
Physical properties
Chemical Properties
Biological properties

13. Factors that affect waste generation rates
1. Source reduction and Recycling Activities.
2. Public Attitudes and legislation.
3. Geographic and physical factors.

14. 1. Source Reduction and recycling activities
Waste reduction may occur through the design, manufacture, and packaging of products with minimum toxic content, minimum volume of material, and /or a longer useful life
Waste reduction may also occur at the household, commercial or industrial facility through selective buying patterns and the reuse of products and materials.

15. Some of the other ways in which source reduction can be achieved follow:
Decrease unnecessary or excessive packaging
Develop and use products with greater durability and repairability (e.g., more durable appliances and tires)
Substitute reusable products for disposable, single-use products (e.g., reusable plates and cutlery, refillable beverage containers, cloth diapers and towels).
Use fewer resources ( e.g., two-sided copying)
Increase the recycled materials content of products
Develop rate structures that encourage generators to produce less waste.

16. Extent of Recycling
The existence of recycling programs within a community definitely affects the quantities of wastes collected for further processing or disposal.

17. 2. Public Attitudes and legislation
Public Attitudes Ultimately, significant reduction in the quantities of solid wastes generated occur when and if people are willing to change –of their own volition- their habits and lifestyles to conserve natural resources and to reduce the economic burdens associated with the management of solid wastes.
A program of continuing education is essential in bringing about a change in public attitudes.

18. Legislation Perhaps the most important factor affecting the generation of certain type of wastes is the existence of local, state, and federal regulations concerning the use of specific Materials.
Legislation dealing with packaging and beverage container materials is an example. Encouraging the purchase and use of recycled materials by allowing a price differential (typically 5 to 10 percent) for recycled materials is another method.

19. 3. Geographic and physical factors
Geographic and physical factors that affect the quantities of waste generated and collected include location, season of the year, the use of kitchen waste food grinders, waste collection frequency, and the characteristics of the service area .
Geographic location- Different climates influence both the amount of certain type of solid wastes generated and the time period over which the wastes are generated. For example, substantial variations in the amount of yard and garden wastes generated in various parts of the country are related to climates are related to climates.

20. Season of the year. The quantities of certain types of solid wastes are also affected by the season of the year.
For example, the quantities of food waste related to the growing season for vegetables and fruits, seasonal sampling also will be required to assess changes in the percentage distribution of the waste materials comprising municipal solid waste , especially in areas of the country with extensive vegetation.

21. Use of Kitchen Food Waste Grinders
Use of Kitchen Food Waste Grinders. While the use of kitchen food waste grinders
Definitely reduces the quantity of kitchen wastes collected, whether they affect quantities of wastes generated is not clear, because the use of home grinders varies widely throughout the country, the effects of their use must be evaluated separately in each situation if such information is warranted.

22. Frequency of collection- In general, where unlimited collection service is provided, more wastes are collected.
Characteristics of Service Area-Peculiarities of the service area can influence the quantity of solid wastes generated. For example, the quantities of yard wastes generated on a per capita basis are considerably greater in many of the wealthier neighborhoods than in other parts of town. Other factors that will affect the amount of yard waste include the size of the lot, the degree of landscaping, and the frequency of yard maintenance.