1. PLANT NOMENCLATURE
Reference: Simpson, M Plant Systematics. Elsevier, Inc., U.S.A.

2. What is Nomenclature?
Assignment of plant names utilizing a formal system.
What is the name of the work providing the rules and recommendations for plant nomenclature?
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)
What organisms are covered by the ICBN?
Land plants, "algae," and fungi

3. What are two basic activities governed by the ICBN?
1) Naming new taxa
2) Determining the correct name for previously named taxa (altered in some way)

4. Legitimate Names in accordance with the rules of the ICBN
What are legitimate and illegitimate names?
Legitimate Names
in accordance with the rules of the ICBN
Illegitimate Names
violate one or more rules of the ICBN

5. International Botanical Congress
How are changes to the ICBN made?
International Botanical Congress
held in Vienna, Austria - July 2005
Melbourne, Australia - July 2011

6. What are the Principles of Plant Nomenclature?
1) Botanical nomenclature is independent of Zoological and Bacteriological nomenclature.
2) The application of botanical names is determined by means of nomenclatural types.
3) Botanical nomenclature is based upon priority of publication.

7. What are the Principles of Plant Nomenclature?
4) Each taxon of a particular circumscription, position, and rank can have only one correct name, the earliest in accordance with the rules. [=Fundamental Principle!]
5) Scientific names are treated as Latin.
6) The rules and regulations of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature are retroactive.

8. What are the rules vs. regulations of the ICBN?
Rules = required
Recommendations = not required

9. What is a scientific name?
= the names assigned by the rules of the ICBN
In Latin language
E.g., Malpighia, Alliaceae, Zingiberales

10. Who first consistently used binomials?
Linnaeus
What is the correct form of binomials?
Binomial = “two names”
E.g., for Quercus dumosa Nuttall
Quercus = genus name (capitalized)
dumosa = specific epithet (not capitalized)
Quercus dumosa = species name (underlined or italicized)
Nuttall = author

11. Name the reasons that common names are disadvantageous?
Only scientific names are universal, used the same world-wide; e.g., Ipomoea -Woodbine, Morning Glory
2) Common names are not consistent.
a) A taxon may have more than one common name.
b) One common name may refer to more than one taxon (e.g., ”hemlock”).
3) Common names tell nothing about rank.
4) Many, if not most, organisms have no common name in any language.

12. Placement as a member of a taxon of the next higher rank
What is rank?
Hierarchical classification in which a higher rank is inclusive of all lower ranks.
What is position?
Placement as a member of a taxon of the next higher rank .
E.g., Aster & Rosa of same rank (genus) but different positions (Asteraceae & Rosaceae)

13. What are the ranks? Kingdom (various) Plantae
Phylum [Division] -phyta Magnoliophyta
Subphylum [Subdivision] -phytina Magnoliophytina
Class -opsida Magnoliopsida
Subclass -idae Asteridae
Superorder -anae, [-iflorae] Asteranae
Order -ales Asterales
Suborder -ineae Asterineae
Family -aceae Asteraceae
Subfamily -oideae Asteroideae
Tribe -eae Heliantheae
Subtribe -inae Helianthinae
Genus (various) Helianthus
Subgenus (various) Helianthus
Section (various) Helianthus
Species (various) Helianthus annuus
Subspecies (various) Helianthus annuus ssp. annuus
Variety (various) Helianthus annuus var. annuus

14. Major Rank Endings: Order -ales Asterales Family -aceae Asteraceae
Subfamily -oideae Asteroideae
Tribe -eae Heliantheae
Subtribe -inae Helianthinae
Genus (various) Helianthus
Subgenus (various) Helianthus
Section (various) Helianthus
Species (various) Helianthus annuus
Subspecies (various) Helianthus annuus ssp. annuus
Variety (various) Helianthus annuus var. annuus

15. What is the rank of: Conostylidoideae subfamily Flacourtiaceae family
Haemodoreae
tribe
Hamamelidae
subclass
Linnaea borealis var. longiflora
variety
Liliopsida
class
Magnoliophyta
phylum
Rosales
order
Tribonanthes
genus
Tribonanthes variegata
species
Phlebocarya ciliata ssp. pilosissima
subspecies

16. Alternate Family Names
Apiaceae
Umbelliferae
Arecaceae
Palmae
Asteraceae
Compositae
Brassicaceae
Cruciferae
Fabaceae
Leguminosae
Faboideae
Papilionoideae
Clusiaceae/Hypericaceae
Guttiferae
Lamiaceae
Labiatae
Poaceae
Gramineae

17. Subgenus versus subgeneric?

18. What is a trinomial? What is of higher rank?
subspecies or variety name
E.g., Toxicodendron radicans ssp. diversilobum
(diversilobum = subspecific epithet)
Sphenomeris chinensis var. rubens Amoroso et Medecilo
rubens = varietal epithet
Brickellia arguta var. odontolepis
(odontolepis = varietal epithet)
What is of higher rank?

19. the name of the person who first validly published the name
Authorship?
the name of the person who first validly published the name

20. E.g., Rosaceae Jussieu Conostylideae Lindley Mohavea A. Gray
Mohavea confertiflora (Bentham) Heller
Alocasia nycteris Medecilo, Yao & Madulid
Monardella linoides A. Gray ssp. viminea (Greene) Abrams
AUTHOR NAMES OFTEN ABBREVIATED:
Haemodoraceae R. Br. (for Robert Brown) or Liquidambar styraciflua L. (for C. Linnaeus)

21. How to learn scientific names:
1) Syllabize and accent.
2) Use mnemonic devices.
3) Learn the etymology (meaning).
4) Practice and review: oral and written recitation.

22. What is a nomenclature type?
Herbarium specimen (usu.) permanently associated with a name.
Holotype - primary specimen upon which a name is based, designated at the time of publication.
Isotype - duplicate of the holotype, collected at the same time by the same person from the same place.
Lectotype - selected from the original material to serve as the type when holotype not available.
Neotype - specimen derived from a non-original collection that is selected to serve as the type.

23. Types exist for all ranks up to family
Taxa at which ranks have types?
Types exist for all ranks up to family
A specimen described by Linnaeus is the type for Borago officinalis L.
Borago officinalis L. is the type for the genus Borago L.
The genus Borago L. is the type for the family Boraginaceae Jussieu

24. What is a priority of publication?
Name published first is the legitimate one
When and with what publication begin?
Species Plantarum by Linnaeus in 1753 (with exceptions)
Adverse consequences?
How to correct?
Nomina familiarum conservanda Nomina generica conservanda et rejicienda Nomina species conservanda

25. Two reasons for name change? Four major ways that names are changed?
1) Name contrary to the rules (illegitimate).
2) Additional research has changes definition and delimitation of a taxon.
Four major ways that names are changed?
United, Divided, Changed in rank, Changed in Position

26. Name changes: Name may be divided:
E.g., Rhus (Anacardiaceae) split into Malosma, Rhus, and Toxicodendron

27. Name changes: Names may be united:
E.g., Diplacus and Mimulus (Phrymaceae) have been united into one genus, Mimulus

28. Name may be changed in position:
Name changes:
Name may be changed in position:
E.g., Sedum variegata transferred to the genus Dudleya, the new species Dudleya variegata;

29. Name may be changed in rank:
Name changes:
Name may be changed in rank:
E.g., Pentagramma triangularis ssp. maxonii changed to rank of species: Pentagramma maxonii

30. Author(s) in parentheses?
What is a basionym?
The original (now rejected) name, part of which (the epithet) has been used in a new combination. (only within same rank; recommended for change of rank)
Author(s) in parentheses?
Person(s) who named basionym. Retained!

31. [Note: Sedum variegata Wats. is the basionym]
E.g., Sedum variegata Wats. was transferred to the genus Dudleya by Moran, new species name is:
Dudleya variegata (Wats.) Moran
[Note: Sedum variegata Wats. is the basionym]
E.g., Muhlenbergia shepherdii (Vasey) Swallen transferred to Blepharoneuron by Peterson & Annable, new name is:
Blepharoneuron shepherdii (Vasey) Peterson & Annable.

32. What is an autonym?
Automatically created name for infrafamilial, infrageneric, and infraspecific taxa.
Created when taxa are divided.
Assigned based on priority of publication.
Autonyms have no authors.

33. Autonyms:
E.g., Lotus stipularis (Benth.) E. Greene split by Isely into 2 varieties:
Lotus stipularis (Benth.) E. Greene var. ottleyi Isely
Lotus stipularis (Benth.) E. Greene var. stipularis
Family Euphorbiaceae divided into subfamilies:
Euphorbioideae is the autonym
Genus Ceanothus split into two subgenera:
Subgenus Ceanothus and subgenus Cerastes
(Subgenus Ceanothus contains type species for the genus.)

34. What are the main criteria of valid publication?
1) Name must be effectively published
2) Name must be published in the correct form, properly Latinized with the correct rank ending.
3) Name must be published with a Latin description or diagnosis or with a reference to such. [Vernacular description typically included.]
4) Nomenclatural type must be indicated (for genus and below).

36. What is a synonym? Why rejected?
= a rejected name, by a particular author or authors.
Synonyms usu. indicated in brackets; e.g.,
Malosma laurina Abrams [Rhus laurina Nutt.]
Why rejected?
1) because illegitimate.
2) because of taxonomic judgement.

37. How can a name be legitimate but not correct?
What is a correct name?
A legitimate (and therefore validly published) name that is accepted by a particular author or authors.
Each taxon can have only one correct name.
How can a name be legitimate but not correct?
There may be 2 (or more) alternative, legitimate names.
Only one of these can be correct (in any given work).

38. Malacothrix incana (Nutt.) T. & G. [Malacomeris i. Nutt.] (=basionym)
Porophyllum gracile Benth. [P. caesium Greene; P. vaseyi Greene]
Gilia diegensis (Munz) A. & V. Grant [Gilia inconspicua (Sm.) Sweet var. diegensis Munz]
(=basionym)

39. = synonym identical to accepted, correct name.
What is a homonym?
= synonym identical to accepted, correct name.
What is a tautonym?
= binomial in which genus and specific epithets are identical in spelling.
Tautonyms are not permitted
E.g., Helianthus helianthus is a tautonym and illegitimate
Helianthus helianthoides is not a tautonym and would be permitted.

40. Abbreviations: "in" = "in the publication of"
E.g., Arabis sparsiflora Nutt. in T. & G.
May be abbrev: Arabis sparsiflora Nutt.
"ex" = "validly published by."
E.g., Microseris elegans Greene ex A. Gray
May be abbrev.: Microseris elegans A. Gray.

41. Abbreviations "x" = a hybrid. E.g., Salvia x palmeri (Gray) Greene
= S. apiana x S. clevelandii.
"sp. nov." = species novum
E.g., "Eryngium pendletonensis sp. nov."
"cf." = confer, meaning "compare."
E.g., "Calyptridium cf. monandrum"

42. Independence of Botanical Nomenclature Retroactivity of the ICBN
Same names can exist in botanical and zoological codes.
Both codes can treat same organisms, e.g., "Protista".
Retroactivity of the ICBN

43. Three Latin genders & primary endings: Exception to gender endings?
Botanical Names
What language?
Latin, language of the Romans
Three Latin genders & primary endings:
masculine -us Amaranthus
feminine -a Crassula
neuter -um Eriogonum
Exception to gender endings?
Many classical trees are feminine,
regardless of ending,
e.g., Quercus alba, Pinus ponderosa

44. What names are Latin plurals? Endings of commemoratives?
Rank of families & above (“The Rosaceae are...”)
Commemorative names?
Named after some person or place.
Endings of commemoratives?
Male: -ii, -i (after r or y or non-a vowel), -e (after a)
smithii, breweri, baileyi, barbanae
Female: usually add -e or -ae
barbarae,

45. Pronunciation of Latin names?
No universal rules; varies from region to region.
Latin diphthongs:
-ae (æ) Tropaeolum -ei Eichhornia
-oe Kallstroemia -eu Teucrium
-au Daucus -ui Equisetum
BUT: -oe (=oë): Aloe (also written Aloë) oi
Not a Latin diphthong.
Vowels are separately pronounced in Latin
But, often like “oil” in English:
Euphorbioideae

46. Number of syllables in a scientific name?
= number of vowels and diphthongs
Cakile microcarpa
Cleistes Oenothera
Eucalyptus Pyrus
Caesalpinioideae Cae sal pi ni o i de ae
How to pronounce commemoratives?
As they would be pronounced in Latin
As the person or place would be pronounced in the native language.
E.g., Hesperoyucca whipplei (after Whipple)