1. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Motivation and Emotion

2. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Motivation  Dynamics of behavior that initiate, sustain, and direct or terminate actions

3. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 A Model of Motivational Activities Model of how motivated activities work Need: Internal deficiency; causes Drive: Energized motivational state (e.g., hunger, thirst); activates a… Response: Action or series of actions designed to attain a… Goal: Target of motivated behavior Incentive Value: Goal’s appeal beyond its ability to fill a need

4. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Types of Motives Primary Motive: Innate (inborn) motives based on biological needs we must meet to survive Stimulus Motive: Innate needs for stimulation and information Secondary Motive: Based on learned needs, drives, and goals

5. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Hunger: Big Mac Attack? Homeostasis: Body equilibrium; balance Influences on hunger Obesity –Internal Glucagon-like Peptide 1 (GLP-1): Substance in brain that terminates eating Hypothalamus: Brain structure; regulates many aspects of motivation and emotion, including hunger, thirst, and sexual behavior –External External stimuli that tend to encourage hunger or elicit eating; these cues may cause you to eat even if you are stuffed

6. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Behavioral Dieting Weight reduction based on changing exercise and eating habits and not on temporary self-starvation Some keys –Start with a complete physical –Exercise –Be committed to weight loss

7. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Behavioral Dieting (cont'd) Observe yourself, keep an eating diary, and keep a chart of daily progress. Eat based on hunger, not on taste or learned habits that tell you to always clean your plate. Avoid snacks. Reward yourself if you change eating habits and punish yourself if you do not.

8. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa Active self-starvation or sustained loss of appetite that seems to have psychological origins –Control issues seem to be involved –Very difficult to effectively treat –Affects adolescent females overwhelmingly

9. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Eating Disorders: Bulimia Nervosa (Binge-Purge Syndrome) Excessive eating usually followed by self-induced vomiting and/or taking laxatives –Difficult to treat –Prozac approved by FDA to treat bulimia nervosa –Affects females overwhelmingly

10. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Causes of Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa Anorectics and bulimics have exaggerated fears of becoming fat; they think they are fat when the opposite is true! Bulimics are obsessed with food and weight; anorectics with perfect control. Anorectics will often be put on a “weight-gain” diet to restore weight.

11. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Thirst and Pain Extracellular Thirst: When water is lost from fluids surrounding the cells of the body Intracellular Thirst: When fluid is drawn out of cells because of increased concentration of salts and minerals outside the cell –Best satisfied by drinking water Pain Avoidance: An episodic drive –Distinct episodes when bodily damage takes place or is about to occur

12. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Stimulus Drives - Arousal Reflect needs for information, exploration, manipulation, and sensory input Sensation Seeking/ Inverted U: Trait of people who prefer high levels of stimulation (e.g., the contestants on “Eco-Challenge” and “Fear Factor”) Yerkes-Dodson Law: If a task is simple, it is best for arousal to be high; if it is complex, lower levels of arousal provide for the best performance

13. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Learned Motives Social Motives: Acquired by growing up in a particular society or culture Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to meet some internal standard of excellence Need for Power: Desire to have impact or control over others

14. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Abraham Maslow and Needs Hierarchy of Human Needs: Maslow’s ordering of needs based on presumed strength or potency; some needs are more powerful than others and thus will influence your behavior to a greater degree Basic Needs: First four levels of needs in Maslow’s hierarchy –Lower needs tend to be more potent than higher needs Growth Needs: Higher-level needs associated with self- actualization Meta-Needs: Needs associated with impulses for self- actualization

15. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Types of Motivation Intrinsic Motivation: Motivation coming from within, not from external rewards; based on personal enjoyment of a task Extrinsic Motivation: Based on obvious external rewards, obligations, or similar factors (e.g., pay, grades)

16. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Emotions State characterized by physiological arousal and changes in facial expressions, gestures, posture, and subjective feelings Physiological Changes: Include heart rate, blood pressure, perspiration, and other involuntary bodily responses Emotional Expression: Outward signs of what a person is feeling Emotional Feelings: Private emotional experience

17. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Plutchik’s First Four Primary Emotions Most basic emotions are: –Fear –Surprise –Sadness –Disgust

18. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Plutchik’s Last Four Primary Emotions (cont'd) –Anger –Anticipation –Joy –Acceptance

19. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Brain and Emotion Autonomic Nervous System (ANS): Neural system that connects brain with internal organs and glands Sympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that activates body for emergency action Parasympathetic Branch: Part of ANS that quiets body and conserves energy –Parasympathetic Rebound: Overreaction to intense emotion

20. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Lie Detectors Polygraph: Device that records heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and galvanic skin response (GSR); lie detector GSR: Measures sweating Irrelevant Questions: Neutral, emotional questions in a polygraph test Relevant Questions: Questions to which only someone guilty should react by becoming anxious or emotional Control Questions: Questions that almost always provoke anxiety in a polygraph (e.g. “Have you ever taken any office supplies?”)

21. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Body Language (Kinesics) Study of communication through body movement, posture, gestures, and facial expressions Facial Blends: Mix of two or more basic expressions

22. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Three Types of Facial Expressions Pleasantness-Unpleasantness: Degree to which a person is experiencing pleasure or displeasure Attention-Rejection: Degree of attention given to a person or object Activation: Degree of arousal a person is experiencing

23. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 Theories of Emotion James-Lange Theory: Emotional feelings follow bodily arousal and come from awareness of such arousal. Cannon-Bard Theory: The thalamus (in brain) causes emotional feelings and bodily arousal to occur at the same time. Schachter’s Cognitive Theory: Emotions occur when a label is applied to general physical arousal. Attribution: Mental process of assigning causes to events; attributing arousal to a certain source. Facial Feedback Hypothesis: Sensations from facial expressions and help define what emotion someone feels.

24. Introduction to Psychology: Kellogg Community College, Talbot Chapter 9 A Modern View of Emotion Emotional Appraisal: Evaluating personal meaning of a stimulus Emotional Intelligence: Combination of skills, including empathy, self-control, self-awareness, sensitivity to feelings of others, persistence, and self-motivation