1. Why do friends fall out?

2. While Antony was playing the young fool like this, two messages brought him down to earth: the first from Rome, that Lucius his brother and Fulvia his wife had fallen out with one another; next they had started a war with Octavian, but they had lost badly and had fled from Italy; the second message was no more pleasing, that Labienus, commanding the Parthian force, was overrunning Asia from the Euphrates and Syria as far as Lydia and Ionia. So finally, like a man woken from a deep sleep brought on by a night of heavy drinking, Antony set out to stop the Parthians, and reached Phoenicia; there, a letter arrived from Fulvia full of complaints. He turned round and headed towards Italy with two hundred ships. Plutarch Life of Antony 30 The Rivalry between Antony and Octavian 1.This is Antony’s response to the problems: how well does he deal with them? Aureus (gold Roman coin) showing Antony and Octavian

3. However, they say that all this preparation and power, which frightened even the Indians beyond Bactria and caused all of Asia to shake with fear, was of no use to Antony because of Cleopatra. He was so eager to spend the winter with her that he began the war too early in the season for campaigning, and then made such a mess of his management of the campaign. He was not in control of his own judgement, but he behaved as though influenced by some drug or magic spell; he was always looking in her direction, always thinking about how fast he could return to her rather than how best to defeat the enemy. Plutarch Life of Antony 37 TASK – Read Plutarch Life of Antony 31-33. 2.What impression of the personal rivalry between Octavian and Antony do you get? 3.What is Plutarch’s opinion of Antony’s successes? 4.Do you think he is fair to Antony? TASK Read Antony 51 – the end of his campaign and reaction. Octavia and Antony: He did not deny his affair with Cleopatra; he did not, however, agree that she was his wife, and in this matter of how to describe his relationship, his reason and his love for the Egyptian were fighting it out. Everyone was working to arrange this marriage. They hoped that Octavia, who had dignity and common sense to add to her beauty, would stand by Antony’s side and eventually be loved by him, as was natural with such a woman. In this way, they hoped, she would bring some stability and safety for their affairs and harmony for the world. Plutarch Life of Antony 31 At Rome Octavia wanted to sail to Antony. Octavian allowed her to go, so most writers say, not to please her, but so that, if she were neglected and mistreated this might give him a plausible excuse for war. On arriving in Athens, she received letters from Antony in which he told her remain there and informed her of what had happened on the expedition. Octavia, although she realized this was an excuse and was upset, nevertheless wrote to Antony in order to learn where he ordered her to send the supplies which she was bringing to him. In fact she brought a great supply of clothing for his soldiers, pack- animals, and money and gifts for the commanders and friends with him; also she had with her two thousand selected soldiers splendidly armoured to serve as praetorian cohorts. A certain friend of Antony, sent by Octavia, told Antony all of this, a friend of his who had been sent from Octavia, and he added all the compliments and praises that she deserved. Plutarch Life of Antony 53 5.Why did Antony agree to the marriage to Octavia? 6.How does Antony treat Octavia? How important was she in the Tarentum agreement? (Life of Antony 35) 7.What does the passage below tell you about Octavia? How is she contrasted with Cleopatra? 8.Read rest of Antony 53/54 – What does Cleopatra do and why? How does Octavian react to the treatment of Octavia? 9.What was Plutarch’s aim in portraying Octavia as he does? How does it affect your view of Antony? Mark Antony and Octavia

4. 36 BCSextus defeats Octavian in battle; Marcus Agrippa defeats Sextus in battle of Naulochus. Sextus flees East where he is killed by one of Antony’s officers. Lepidus tries to take over Sicily but his soldiers fled to Octavian. He was forced to retire to an Italian town but kept role, Pontifex Maximus. Failure of Antony’s Parthian expedition. 35 BCOctavia arrives with 2000 soldiers and money; Antony sends her back to Rome. Octavian campaigns in Illyricum 34 BCAntony invades Armenia. Donations of Alexandria. Caesarion recognised as Caesar’s legitimate heir. Triumph held in Alexandria. 33 BCLegal end of Triumvirate. 32 BCAntony divorces Octavia; war declared on Cleopatra by Octavian. 41 BCOctavian’s settlement of 40,000 veterans; confiscation of land for this; Lucius Antonius (Mark Antony’s brother) and Fulvia (Antony’s wife) support dispossessed, start Perusine War. Lucius forced to surrender to Octavian. Fulvia dies. 40 BCAntony arrives at Brundisium and besieges the town; Octavian marries the sister-in-law of Sextus Pompeius. The forces of Octavian and Antony force the generals to make an agreement. 40 BCTreaty of Brundisium: divided the world between the three triumvirs. Lepidus received Africa; Octavian took over the west including Gaul; Antony remained in control of the East, and he married Octavia, Octavian’s sister. Antony returns East to start his war against Parthia. 39 BCTreaty of Misenum: Sextus Pompeius had taken control of Sicily and Sardinia and disrupted the corn trade to Italy. He was given Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica and Achaea for 5 years. Antony makes his base of operations at Athens; his commanders conduct the war against Parthia. 38 BC Octavian asks for help from Lepidus and Antony who ignore his requests. Antony’s commander, Ventidius, restores Roman control of Syria 37 BCSextus defeats Octavian in naval battle at Messana; Conference of Tarentum: Lepdius agrees to help Octavian; Antony agrees to provide ships in return for 20,000 soldiers. Triumvirate renewed. Antony sent Octavia back to Rome and summoned Cleopatra to meet him at Antioch. He recognises their children and gave her Cyrenaica, Cyprus, parts of Crete, parts of Syria and Jericho. Timeline – Antony and Octavian