1. AMERICA AND THE WORLD, 1921-1945 America: Past and Present Chapter 27

2. Retreat, Reversal, and Rivalry F 1920s--American diplomacy permeated by a sense of disillusionment F U.S. refuses to be bound by any agreement to preserve international peace

3. Retreat in Europe F 1928--Kellogg-Briand Pact outlaws war but binds no action to preserve peace F U.S. refuses recognition of Soviet Union F U.S. quarrels with former allies over repayment of $10 billion in wartime loans

4. Cooperation in Latin America F Coolidge, Hoover, FDR substitute cooperation for military coercion F FDR’s "Good Neighbor" policy renounces past imperialism F U.S. continues political, economic domination of Latin America

5. Rivalry in Asia F 1920--Japanese occupy Korea, parts of Manchuria F U.S. Open Door policy blocks Japanese dominance of China

6. Rivalry in Asia: Washington Conference of 1921 F England agrees to U.S. naval equality F Japan accepted as third largest naval power F All nations agree to limit naval construction F Nine-Power Treaty--Open Door Policy reaffirmed F Four-Power Treaty--establishes alliance among U.S., Great Britain, Japan, France

7. Isolationism F Depression shifts focus to domestic affairs F Rise of militaristic regimes threatens war – Germany – Italy – Japan

8. The Lure of Pacifism and Neutrality F Most Americans resolved against another meaningless war F 1935--Senator Gerald Nye leads passage of neutrality legislation – U.S. trade with nations at war prohibited – U.S. loans to nations at war prohibited F 1937--Japan invades China F FDR permits sale of arms to China

9. War in Europe F FDR approves appeasement of Hitler F 1938--Hitler seizes Czechoslovakia F FDR attempts to revise the neutrality acts, to give edge to England, France F January, 1939--FDR attacks neutrality acts F September 1939--W.W.II begins, Roosevelt declares the acts in force

10. The Road to War F U.S. remains at peace 1939-1941 F Popular sympathy for Allies, distaste for Germany and Japan F Roosevelt openly expresses favor for Allies, moves cautiously to avoid isolationist outcry

11. From Neutrality to Undeclared War F 1939-41--FDR seeks help for England without actually entering the war F November, 1939--belligerents may buy U.S. goods on "cash and carry" basis F 1940--German occupation of France

12. From Neutrality to Undeclared War: Increased Aid to England F U.S. gives or loans war supplies F U.S. ships transport war supplies F Eventual consensus that a Nazi victory in Europe would threaten western civilization

13. Showdown in the Pacific F 1937--Japanese occupation of coastal China F U.S. limits exports to Japan of strategic materials F 1940--Japan allies with Germany, Italy F Japanese invasion of Indochina prompts U.S. to end all trade

14. Showdown in the Pacific: Pearl Harbor F 1941--U.S.-Japanese negotiations F Japan’s demands – Free hand in China – Restoration of normal trade relations F U.S. demands Japanese troops out of China F December 7, 1941--Pearl Harbor attacked F December 8--War declared

15. Turning the Tide Against the Axis F December, 1941--Axis on the offensive F 1942-43--U.S., England, Russia fight to seize the initiative F 1944-45--offensive to crush Axis

16. Wartime Partnerships F U.S.-English alliance cemented by personal friendship between FDR and Churchill F Soviet Union unsatisfied with alliance F Soviet Union often feels alone in conflict F Wartime tensions persist after victory

17. Halting the German Blitz F November 1942--U.S. invades North Africa F May 1943--U.S., England invade Italy – Mussolini falls from power – Slow advance up the Italian peninsula F Summer, 1943--Battle of Stalingrad – Russia defeats Germans – Begins advance into eastern Europe

18. Checking Japan in the Pacific F Two-pronged drive against Japan – Douglas MacArthur leads drive through New Guinea to the Philippines – Chester Nimitz leads navy westward from Pearl Harbor to the Philippines F June, 1942--victory at Midway launches advance into Japanese-held territories

19. The Home Front F War ends depression F Economy geared for military output F Scarce goods rationed F Income of lowest-paid laborers increases faster than the rich F High savings rate lays basis for postwar prosperity

20. A Nation on the Move F Wartime migration South and West F Early marriages, increased birth rates F Family-related social problems – Housing shortages – More divorces – Neglected children

21. A Nation on the Move: Improving Conditions F Women’s income increases 50% F African-Americans – Equal opportunities in war-related industry – Surging migration from the rural South F Mexican-Americans take urban factory jobs

22. A Nation on the Move: Japanese Internment F 120,000 Japanese moved from the West Coast to detention camps F 1944--Supreme Court rejects appeal for release F 1988--Congress votes indemnity of $1.2 billion for survivors

23. Win-the-War Politics F 1942--Republican-Southern Democrat coalition controls Congress F November, 1944--Truman attracts moderates, FDR wins fourth term F February, 1945--Yalta Conference F April 12, 1945--FDR dies

24. Victory F June 6, 1944--Normandy Invasion F April 25, 1945--U.S., Russian forces meet at Torgau F May 7, 1945--unconditional German surrender

25. War Aims and Wartime Diplomacy F Russia claims eastern Europe as prize for conquest of Germany F U.S. seeks collective security arrangement including the United Nations F Yalta, Potsdam conferences clarify U.S., Soviet differences

26. Triumph and Tragedy in the Pacific F June 21, 1945--U.S. capture Okinawa, complete control of Pacific F May-August--intense air attacks on Japan F August 6--atom bomb destroys Hiroshima F August 9--atom bomb destroys Nagasaki F August 14--Japan surrenders

27. The U.S. at War’s End F U.S. the most powerful nation on earth F Unprecedented economic prosperity F Federal government a permanent force in daily life