2. Taxonomy Unity and Diversity Chapter 5 page 89 -125

3. Taxonomy The natural curiosity curiosity of humanity has led us to attempt to name all the different living organisms.

4. COMMON NAMES "local" names given by the natives of an area. often leads to confusion when scientists want to talk about organisms on a global basis.

5. COMMON NAMES What is the name of this mammal?

6. Mountain Lion a.k.a. - puma, cougar, panther, and the Indian devil This confusion led scientists to use a more logical system.

7. systematic naming and classifying of organisms makes identification and comparison easier. TAXONOMY

8. based on:  habitat  habitat - location where organism was found  basic  basic structure similarity Early classification

9. Aristotle’s Classification Scheme Aristotle Aristotle - divided all organisms into two large groups he called kingdoms kingdoms.

10. Aristotle’s Kingdoms animal plantkingdoms They were the animal and plant kingdoms. Each kingdom had three subdivisions.

11. Plant Kingdom Stationary green things  trees  shrubs herbs herbs - one wood stem - many wood stems - soft stems

12. animal Kingdom mobile things land water air - live on land - live in water - fly

13. Later Developments in Taxonomy Immutability of Species - Genesis led to the belief that a fixed number of living things existed In time all of these organisms will be found, named, and identified.

14. species species - a group of similar individuals with a common ancestor. Modern Concept Modern Concept - added that species must mate in nature & produce fertile offspring John Ray (1700) - concept of species

15. Linneaus (1707-1778) Swedish botanist Binomial Nomenclature Binomial Nomenclature

16. Binomial nomenclature ScientificNames Scientific Names consisting of two names – Genus – Genus name – Species – Species name LATIN LATIN used for names

17. Binomial nomenclature Each unique organism is given two Latin names: – Genus – Genus - kind of animal – species – species - “specific” type

18. Why Latin? 1. language of the educated in Europe 2. most languages of Europe evolved from Latin dead language meanings would not change 3. as a “dead language” it’s meanings would not change

19. Binomial nomenclature Felis Genus: Felis (cat) tigris – species: tigris (tiger) familiaris – species: familiaris (of the family) domesticus – species: domesticus (of the house) leo – species: leo (lion) concolor – species: concolor (puma)

20. Modern System of taxonomy TAXON TAXON - (pl. taxa) a group of related organisms hierarchy diversityunity Taxa are arranged in a hierarchy that moves from diversity to unity.

21. Modern System of Taxonomy Kingdom mostdifferent Kingdom - taxon of the most different kinds of organisms Species most similarity Species - taxon of the organisms with the most similarity

22. Hierarchy of Taxa Kingdom – Phylum (pl. phyla) Class – Order Family Genus (pl. genera) species

23. Kingdom Systems The number of kingdoms changed as new discoveries were made Classification systems vary and change: – depending on use or purpose – depending on viewpoint

24. Kingdom Systems TwoKingdom Two Kingdom: Plant and Animal ThreeKingdom Three Kingdom: Plant, Animal, and Fungi FourKingdom Four Kingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi, and Protist FiveKingdom Five Kingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi, Protist, and Monera SixKingdom Six Kingdom: Plant, Animal, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protist

25. Six Kingdoms Archaebacteria methanogens EubacteriaProtistsAnimaliaPlantaFungi

26. Plant Kingdom autotrophic ¶nutrition - autotrophic multicellular ·cells - multicellular eukaryotic ¸cell type - eukaryotic nonmotile ¹locomotion - non motile cellulose ºcell walls - cellulose

27. Animal Kingdom heterotrophic ¶nutrition - heterotrophic multicellular ·cells - multicellular eukaryotic ¸cell type - eukaryotic motile ¹locomotion - motile not present ºcell walls – not present

28. Fungi Kingdom saprophytic ¶nutrition – saprophytic (absorbs nutrients from “dead things”) multicellular ·cells - multicellular eukaryotic ¸cell type - eukaryotic nonmotile ¹locomotion - non motile chitin ºcell walls - chitin

29. Protist Kingdom autotrophic heterotrophic ¶nutrition – autotrophic and heterotrophic unicellular ·cells - unicellular eukaryotic ¸cell type - eukaryotic motile ¹locomotion – most motile cellulose not present ºcell walls – cellulose or not present

30. Eubacteria Kingdom autotrophic heterotrophic ¶nutrition - autotrophic and heterotrophic unicellular ·cells - unicellular prokaryotic ¸cell type - prokaryotic motile ¹locomotion - motile peptidoglycan ºcell walls - peptidoglycan

31. Archaebacteria Kingdom autotrophic heterotrophic ¶nutrition - autotrophic and heterotrophic unicellular ·cells - unicellular prokaryotic ¸cell type - prokaryotic motile ¹locomotion - motile peptidoglycan ºcell walls – not peptidoglycan

32. Archaebacteria Simplest and most primitive organisms ProkaryoticProkaryotic - no membrane bound organelles methanogens of swamps thermophiles of ocean vents

33. Eubacteria ¶Schizophyta ¶Schizophyta (heterotrophs) - bacteria ·Cyanophyta ·Cyanophyta (autotrophs) cyanobacteria ¸Viruses ¸Viruses ?? - obligate intercellular parasites ¹Prions ¹Prions ?? – naked proteins – “Mad Cow” disease

34. Schizophyta - bacteria Basic shapes Êbacillus Êbacillus - rods Ëcoccus Ëcoccus - round Ìspirillus Ìspirillus - spiral

35. Viruses Also called phages “phages” from Greek word to eat. Consist of protein protein cover surrounding nucleic acids of either DNA DNA or RNA

36. Types of Viruses ¶B¶B¶B¶Bacteriophages - reproduce in bacterial cells ·Z·Z·Z·Zoophages - reproduce in animal cells ¸P¸P¸P¸Phytophages - reproduce in plant cells

37. Viral Life Cycle

38. Protists

39. Protist Groups Two types of protists: Protozoa - animal-like Algae - plant-like

40. Protozoa CiliataCiliata - move by cilia SarcodinaSarcodina - move by pseudopodia

41. Protozoa ZoomastigophoraZoomastigophora - move by flagella SporozoaSporozoa - move by spores

42. Algae ChlorophytaChlorophyta - green pigment RhodophytaRhodophyta - red pigments PhaeophytaPhaeophyta - brown pigments

43. Algae ChrysophytaChrysophyta - silica shell PyrophytaPyrophyta - fluoresce

44. Plant Kingdom Phyla of plant kingdom are called divisions. – Bryophyta – Pterophyta – Cycadphyta – Ginkophyta – Coniferophyta – Anthophyta Alternation of Generations – Gametophyte – Gametophyte (haploid - n) – produces gametes – Sporophyte – Sporophyte (diploid - 2n) – makes spores to reproduce

45. Division: Bryophyta Mosses, Liverworts – No vascular tissue – No true roots, stems, leaves – Gametophyte dominant – Sperm must swim to egg – Sporophyte dependent on gametophyte

46. Division: Pterophyta Ferns – Rhizoid - root like structure – Fronds - finely divided leaves – Gametophyte – rarely seen – Sporophyte – spore sacs (sori) under leaves

47. Division: Cycadophyta Gymnosperms - naked seeds Cone protects seeds Stems underground

48. Division: Ginkophyta Gymnosperm Fan leaf “extinct” One species found in China

49. Division: Coniferophyta Gymnosperm Cone bearing Needle-shaped leaves Many evergreen

50. Division: Anthophyta Flowering plants Angiosperms - (hidden seed) – Vascular tissue – Stems, roots, leaves – Sporophyte dominant – Gametophyte dependent on sporophyte

51. Class: Monocotyledonae Grass, Orchid, Bamboo Monocot –F–F–F–Flower – 3 parts –L–L–L–Leaves – parallel veins –S–S–S–Seed – 1 cotyledon –S–S–S–Stems – scattered vascular tissue –R–R–R–Roots - fibrous

52. Class: Dicotyledonae Apple, Sunflower Dicot – Flower – Flower – 4 or 5 parts – Leaves – Leaves – netted veins – Seed – Seed – 2 cotyledons – Stems – Stems –vascular tissue in rings – Root – Root – Tap root

53. Animal Phyla Porifera Porifera ( L: hole bearer) sponges most sessile most marine asymmetry fibrous skeleton numerous holes

54. Animal Phyla Coelenterata Coelenterata (L: hollow gut) hydra, jellyfish mouth surrounded by tentacles twotwo way way digestive digestive cavity two cell layer body endodermendoderm – inner layer ectodermectoderm – outer layer radialradial symmetry

55. Coelenterates hydra sea anemone

56. Animal Phyla PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes - (L: flat worms) Planaria, tapeworms, flukes bilateralbilateral symmetry three layers of cells endoderm-endoderm- inner layer mesodermmesoderm – middle layer ectodermectoderm – outer layer two way digestion free living or parasitic

57. Platyhelminthes tapeworm fluke

58. Animal phyla NematodaNematoda - the round worms. Trichinella, Ascaris, filarial worms Round body oneone way way digestion tubetube in in a tube tube organization free living and parasitic

59. ANIMAL PHYLA AnnelidaAnnelida (L: ring) segmented worms. leech, earthworm segmented bodies one way digestion

60. Animal phyla ArthropodaArthropoda (L: jointed legs) insects, spiders, centipedes, lobsters segmentedsegmented body exoskeletonexoskeleton jointedjointed appendages

61. Class: Crustacea Two body regions cephalothorax abdomen Two antennae

62. Class: Arachnoidea Two body regions –C–Cephalothorax –A–Abdomen Four pairs of legs

63. Class: Chilopoda Multiple segments One pair of legs per segment carnivorous

64. Class: Diplopoda multiple segments two pairs of legs per segment herbivorous & decomposers

65. Class: Insecta three body regions – Head – Thorax – Abdomen three pairs of legs two pairs of legs

66. Animal Phyla EchinodermataEchinodermata (L: spiny skinned) starfish, sea cucumbers radial symmetry internalinternal calcium skeleton water vascular system

67. Animal Phyla Chordata Chordata (L: cord) fish, mammals, birds dorsaldorsal hollow nerve nerve cord gillgill slits slits during development most vertebrates

68. Class: Agnatha (L: jawless fishes) hagfish, lamprey

69. Order: Chondrichthyes (Gr: cartilage fish) sharks, manta rays white whale hammer head

70. Order : Osteichthyes (Gr: bony fish) bass, trout, barracuda, flounder striped bass barracuda

71. Class Amphibia (L & Gr: both lives) salamanders, newts, frogs, toads moist skin larva aquatic with gills adult lungs but breathes through skin reproduce in water

72. Class Reptilia (L: to creep) Snakes, lizards, turtle, crocodile dry scaly skin land dwelling breathe with lungs amniotic egg with leathery shell

73. cobra crocadile iguana box turtle

74. Class Aves (L: birds) Avocet, barn owl, chaffinch feathers constant body temperature amniotic egg with calcium shell

75. avocet barn owl chaffinch

76. Class Mammalia (L: of the breast)

77. Order Monotremata (Gr: one hole) Spiny anteater, platypus lay eggs feed young milk

78. spiny anteater platypus

79. Order Protheria (Gr: early womb) kangaroo, opossum youngincompletelydevelopedlive young incompletely developed marsupiumfinish development in pouch (marsupium)

81. Order Eutheria (Gr: true womb) Cats, dogs, bears, monkey, man Bear live young from womb