1. How did colonial exploitation and traditional culture and religion contribute to the decolonization of Indonesia? Group members: Bethany Chan (4)‏ Karena Lai (17)‏ Ida Lau (20)‏ Carman Lee (22)‏ Michelle Mak (26)‏

2. Decolonization refers to the process during which a colonial power retreats from and transfers political power to its colonies What is decolonization?

3. Background information of Indonesia: - The Dutch colonized Indonesia in the early 17th century - Consists of 17,000 islands - 180 ethnic groups, and regional and local -Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945. The period was one of the most critical in Indonesian history.

4. Many who lived in areas considered important to the war effort experienced... - torture, - sex slavery, - arbitrary arrest and execution, - other war crimes. Colonial exploitation

5. Many thousands of people were taken away from Indonesia... - as unfreed labour (romusha) for Japanese military projects, including the Burma-Siam Railway, and suffered or died as a result of ill-treatment and starvation.

6. Colonial exploitation During the World War II occupation.. - tens of thousands of Indonesians were to starve, work as slave labourers, or be forced from their homes. - tens, even hundreds, of thousands (including civilians), died in fighting against the Japanese, - four million people died in Indonesia as a result of famine and forced labour during the Japanese occupation, including 30,000 European civilian internees.

7. Colonial exploitation Materially... - whole railway lines, railway rolling stock, and industrial plants in Java were appropriated and shipped back to Japan and Manchuria.

8. Traditional culture and religions acting as a unifying force as powerful elements in stimulating the growth of nationalism and the rise of anti– colonial feelings.

9. Sukarno (Nationalist leader): make use of the culture and religions in his struggle for national independence Introduced the Five principles ( Belief in one supreme God, humanism, national unity, consultative democracy and social justice )‏ Sukarno Example (1)‏ Example (2)‏ instigated a number of monuments celebrating Indonesia's identity

10. 1. Belief in 1 Supreme God. 2. A just and civilized humanity. 3. Nationalism, the unity of Indonesia. 4. Democracy, guided by wisdom of unanimity arising from discussion and mutual assisistance 5. Social justice, the equality of political rights and the rights of citizenship, as well as social and cultural equality. The 5 concepts of Pancasila: (Five principles)‏ Required Indonesians to adopt one religion Guaranteed freedom of religion Unified the nations in terms of religious and equal cultural Helped the growth of nationalism

11. Monas (built during the Sukarno era of fierce nationalism) - stands for the people's determination to achieve freedom - the crowning of their effort in the Proclamation of Independence (1945)

12. In Indonesia: a local girl’s school was founded by R.A Kartini Budi Utomo won people’s support. Succeeded in reviving Indonesia’s traditional culture and religion. Sought to bring all Indonesian Muslims together under the banner of reformist Muslim ideas - strove to fight for the national independence from the Netherlands R.A Kartini Paved the way for the establishment of the nationwide Sarekat Islam(1912)‏ Sarekat Islam congress in 1913Religion

13. National language of Indonesia  promoted by Sukarno  overarching the vast cultural differences of the heterogeneous population Example(1):Bahasa Indonesia Example(1): Bahasa Indonesia A book introducing the Indonesian language and cultureCulture

14. Antiquities and temples were recovered due to modern archaeological work specialized in ancient Southeast Asian history People had a chance to learn the history of their countries Example(2): Archaeology that retold the history of Indonesia Indonesia

15. Colonial exploitation was one of the causes leading to decolonization. Imperial Japan occupied Indonesia during World War II from March 1942 until after the end of War in 1945. Japan proposed to lead the fight against the west and to establish the “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” in order to rebuild Asia. However, the Southeast Asian people including the Indonesians soon realized that the rule of the Japanese was much more repressive than that of the westerners. After that, Indonesia changed to view Japan as their new fighting target and their nationalist feeling was further enhanced. Conclusion of Colonial exploitation

16. Conclusion (traditional culture and religious)‏ - Stimulating the growth of nationalism and the rise of anti–colonial feelings -> achieved to be a unify force of Indonesia. - The Nationalist leader,Sukarno, made use of the culture and religious in his struggle for national independence. The Five principles and the building of monuments unified the nations in terms of religious. With the establishment of Sarekat Islam(1912), intergration of language and recovery of Antiquities and temples: Nurtured nationalism among Indonesians Enabled the peoples to be aware of their own tradition and glorious past People fought for national independence -> decolonization