1. TRIUMPH OF A CRUSADE CHAPTER 29, SECTION 2

2. MAJOR DATES 1961: THE FREEDOM RIDES 1962: JAMES MEREDITH ENROLLS AT OLE MISS 1963: THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON 1964: – FREEDOM SUMMER – CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964 1965: – THE SELMA CAMPAIGN – VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF 1965

3. KEY PLAYERS JAMES MEREDITH GOV. ROSS BARNETT GOV. GEORGE WALLACE “BULL” CONNOR MEDGAR EVERS MLK ROBERT MOSES FANNIE LOU HAMMER

4. THE FREEDOM RIDES WHEN? Spring, 1961 WHAT? – Civil Rights “rides” from Washington, DC to New Orleans – Rides traveled through most highly segregated areas of South WHO? C.O.R.E. organizes rides PURPOSE? – Highlight injustice of bus segregation – Attract public & media attention to problem – Force state and / or federal gov’t. to end segregation WHAT HAPPENS? – Rides attacked in Deep South (define) – Birmingham, AL is worst: “Bull” Connor RESPONSE? – JFK sends federal marshals to protect riders

8. MEREDITH and OLE MISS University of Mississippi: “Ole Miss” Ole Miss was segregated, like most Southern universities Fall, 1962: –J–James Meredith given court permission to enroll at Ole Miss –G–Gov. Ross Barnett refuses to allow it (see p. 865) Response: –J–JFK orders federal marshals to ensure Meredith’s enrollment –Q–Q: What event is this similar to? Result? –V–Violence, riots at Ole Miss –F–Federal marshals stay; ensure Meredith’s enrollment

11. MEREDITH AT OLE MISS

12. James Meredith Wounded, 1966

13. BIRMINGHAM 1963: MLK travels to Birmingham to hold civil rights meetings & stage nonviolent protests Police Commissioner: Eugene “Bull” Connor Connor arrests MLK & other leaders MLK released, protests continue Connor responds w/force: – Water cannon – Attack dogs – Clubbings, beatings, etc. – Tear gas Event caught on film by mass media Civil Rights given more nationwide media attention

16. CONTEMPORARY EVENTS 1963: JFK orders Alabama Gov. George Wallace to integrate University of Alabama Medgar Evers, NAACP officer, murdered in Jackson, Miss. by Byron de la Beckwith – Beckwith charged, released due to insufficient evidence – 1994: Beckwith re-tried, convicted of murder

17. GOVERNOR GEORGE WALLACE, ALABAMA “And I Say… Segregation Now, Segregation Tomorrow, and Segregation Forever!” Gov. George Wallace

19. THE MARCH ON WASHINGTON When? August, 1963 Who? –M–MLK leads effort –2–250,000 Civil Rights supporters Where? The Washington “Mall” Purpose? –P–Pressure Congress to sign a law guaranteeing equal access to public accommodations –H–Hopefully gain more national support / media attention Highlight: MLK’s “I Have A Dream” Speech Effect: LBJ signs Civil Rights Act of 1964

21. “I HAVE A DREAM” SPEECH Washington, D.C. - August, 1963

23. FREEDOM SUMMER WHEN? Summer, 1964 WHO? Robert Moses and SNCC WHERE? Deep South, especially Mississippi PURPOSE? -Increase African-American voter registration in Deep South -Push Congress towards new voting rights laws -Gain media attention RESULTS? -Extreme violence from white extremists, especially KKK -Murder, bombings, intimidation, etc. all used -Did not result in new voting rights laws

24. Freedom Summer Murder Victims

26. THE SELMA CAMPAIGN WHEN? January, 1965 WHERE? Selma, ALABAMA WHO? MLK & SCLC PURPOSE? – Voter registration in Deep South still needed attention – WHY? FREEDOM SUMMER had failed – MLK & SCLC decide to attempt same thing in AL Results? – Much of the same (Shooting, beatings, arrests) – SCLC organizes protest march from Selma to Montgomery, AL – Police violence attracts more media attention Final Result? Voting Rights Act of 1965