1. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Module 9 Classical Conditioning

2. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning THREE KINDS OF LEARNING Classical conditioning Stimulus substitution Pavlov/dogs Operant conditioning Consequences Thorndike/cats Skinner/rats Cognitive learning Predictable relationships Bandura/Bobo doll

3. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning Classical conditioning –stimulus substitution/conditioned reflex –Involuntary/elicited response –The goal is to create a new response to a neutral stimulus –Ex. The sight of a needle can trigger fear –Helps predict what may happen (survival) Ivan Pavlov (salivating dogs) –Pavlov rang a bell before putting food in a dogs mouth. –after numerous trials of pairing the food and bell, the dog salivated to the sound of the bell –This becomes a conditioned reflex

4. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Theories of classical conditioning Stimulus substitution –a neural bond or association forms in the brain between the neutral stimulus (bell) and unconditioned stimulus (food) –The bell substitutes for food Contiguity theory two stimuli (neutral stimulus and unconditional stimulus) are paired close together in time (contiguous) The sight of food elicits salivation

5. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Cognitive perspective an organism learns a predictable relationship between two stimuli such that the occurrence of one stimulus (neutral stimulus) predicts the occurrence of another (unconditioned stimulus) –The bell predicts the food Theories of classical conditioning (cont.)

6. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning NS UCS UCR CSCR

7. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning PROCEDURE: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Step 1: Choosing stimulus and response –Neutral stimulus some stimulus that causes a sensory response, such as being seen, heard, or smelled, but does not produce the reflex being tested –Unconditioned stimulus USC, some stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex, such as salivation or eye blink –Unconditioned response UCR, unlearned, innate, involuntary physiological reflex that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus

8. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning PROCEDURE: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (CONT.) Step 2: Establishing classical conditioning –Neutral stimulus trial, pair neutral stimulus (bell) with the unconditioned stimulus (food) neutral stimulus presented first then short time later the unconditioned stimulus –Unconditioned stimulus seconds after the tone begins, you present the UCS –Unconditioned response UCS (food) elicits the UCR (salivation)

9. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning PROCEDURE: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (CONT.) Step 3: Testing for conditioning –Conditioned stimulus CS, is a formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously elicited by the unconditioned stimulus –Conditioned response CR, elicited by the conditioned stimulus, is similar to, but not identical in size or amount to, the UCS CR, less salivation than the UCR

10. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning OTHER CONDITIONING CONCEPTS Generalization –tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original CS to elicit a response that is similar to the CR –Shampoo and aftershave Discrimination –occurs during classical conditioning when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not to others –Nail polish and aftershave

11. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning OTHER CONDITIONING CONCEPTS (CONT.) Extinction –a CS is repeatedly presented without the UCS and, as a result, the CS tends to no longer elicit the CR –Boyfriend’s aftershave Spontaneous recovery –tendency for the CR to reappear after being extinguished even though there have been no further conditioning trials Systematic Desensitization –Change CS back to NS –Effective tx for nausea, fear of blood, public speaking

12. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning ADAPTIVE VALUES & USES Adaptive value –certain abilities or genetic traits that have evolved to increase survival, such as finding food, acquiring mates, and avoiding pain and injury –Bluejays avoid Monarchs Taste aversion learning –associating a particular sensory cue (smell, tastes, sound, or sight) with getting sick and thereafter avoiding that particular unpleasant or dangerous sensory cue in the future –Can develop after one exposure and last 4-5 years

13. Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 9: Classical Conditioning Classical Conditioning NS UCS UCR CSCR Bell Aftershave Tapping arm Sight of needle Dish soap Rat/rabbit/ dog Loud noise, chemo, food, dental procedure, needle injection Eye blink Salivation Nausea Anxiety Pain Fear Startle Cry Noise of squeaky wheelbarrow, aftershave Salivating to the sound of a bell or wheelbarrow, fear/fainting/nausea