1. Learning Ms. Simon Do Now: Define Learning

2. Definition Learning is a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience.

3. AIM: How Do We Learn?

4. Habituation Habituation is a decrease in behavioral response to a stimulus following repeated exposure to the stimulus

5. Associative Learning Learning to associate one stimulus with another.

6. Associative Learning (Conditioning) 1. Classical Conditioning: Learning to associate one stimulus (change in environment) with another.

7. Operant Conditioning: 2. Learning to associate a response with a consequence.

8. Ivan Pavlov (1800’s) studied classical conditioning. His work provided a basis for later behaviorists like John Watson and B. F. Skinner. Behaviorism= any behavior can be shaped or controlled Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) Sovfoto

9. Pavlov’s Experiments Before conditioning, food (Unconditioned Stimulus, US) produces salivation (Unconditioned Response, UR). However, the tone (neutral stimulus) does not.

10. 1. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A stimulus that automatically and naturally triggers a response. (dog food) 2. Unconditioned Response (UCR): A unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salivation) 3. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Originally a neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a conditioned response. (tone) 4. Conditioned Response (CR): A learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus. (salivation)

11. Pavlov’s Experiments During conditioning, the neutral stimulus (tone) and the US (food) are paired, resulting in salivation (UR). After conditioning, the neutral stimulus (CS) elicits salivation (CR)

12. http://www.break.com/usercontent/ 2009/11/the-office-altoid- experiment-1499823

13. AIM: How can we learn through conditioning?

14. Acquisition :when an association forms between a neutral stimulus (computer sound) and an unconditioned stimulus (Altoid) Delayed conditioning: NS before the UCS (with overlap) Trace conditioning: NS, (pause) then UCS Simultaneous conditioning: NS and UCS together Backward conditioning: UCS before NS

15. In order for acquisition to occur… 1.the neutral stimulus needs to come before the unconditioned stimulus. 2.The time in between the two stimuli should be about half a second.

16. Acquisition The CS needs to come half a second before the US for acquisition to occur.

17. What happens when the UCS does not follow the CS?

18. Extinction (unlearn) When the US (food) does not follow the CS (tone), CR (salivation) begins to decrease and eventually causes extinction.

19. Spontaneous Recovery After a rest period, an extinguished CR (salivation) spontaneously recovers. If the CS (tone) persists alone, the CR becomes extinct again.

20. Stimulus Generalization Generalization: Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS.

21. Aversive Conditioning Baby Albert was conditioned to fear rats through aversive conditioning Aversive Conditioning: involves an unpleasant stimulus http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xt0ucxO rPQE

22. Stimulus Discrimination Discrimination is the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli

23. Biological Predispositions John Garcia Garcia showed that the duration between the CS and the US may be long (hours), but yet result in conditioning. A biologically adaptive CS (taste) led to conditioning and not to others (light or sound). Courtesy of John Garcia

24. Biological Predispositions Even humans can develop classically to conditioned nausea.

25. Extending Pavlov’s Understanding Pavlov and Watson considered consciousness, or mind, unfit for the scientific study of psychology. However, they underestimated the importance of cognitive processes and biological constraints.

26. Cognitive Processes Early behaviorists believed that learned behaviors of various animals could be reduced to mindless mechanisms.

27. Biological Predispositions Pavlov and Watson believed that laws of learning were similar for all animals. Therefore, a pigeon and a person do not differ in their learning. However, behaviorists later suggested that learning is constrained by an animal’s biology.

28. Pavlov’s greatest contribution to psychology is isolating elementary behaviors from more complex ones through objective scientific procedures. Pavlov’s Legacy Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936)

29. 1.Alcoholics may be conditioned (aversively) by reversing their positive-associations with alcohol. 2.Through classical conditioning, a drug (plus its taste) that affects the immune response may cause the taste of the drug to invoke the immune response. Applications of Classical Conditioning

30. Operant & Classical Conditioning 1. Classical conditioning forms associations between stimuli (CS and US). Operant conditioning, on the other hand, forms an association between behaviors and the resulting events.