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Reformation Attempts to reform the Catholic Church Key Reformers:

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1 Reformation Attempts to reform the Catholic Church Key Reformers:
Martin Luther John Calvin Henry VIII

2 Martin Luther www. educ. msu
Martin Luther Born in 1483 Studied law Struck by lightening = Fear of damnation, becoming Augustinian Monk Becomes Professor at University of Wittenberg In turmoil over church teachings of sins and relation to good works

3 Balancing Act Sins Good Works

4 Luther’s Teachings 95 Theses (Nailed to Door of Church in Wittenberg)
Basic ideas found in 95 Theses Justification by Faith Alone – goes against Catholic teachings of Faith and Good Works Against sale of Indulgences – pardons of sins sold by the Church Protest against the abuse of papal authority Challenge to the Pope: If he controls purgatory, why not empty it for free Denial of extra merit theory for Indulgences

5 Government/Religious Conflict
City – Wittenberg Kingdom of Saxony – Duke Frederick Holy Roman Empire – Holy Roman Emperor – Charles V All church monies went to Rome Reaction of The Church/Government Denunciation Diet of Augsburg Debate with Johann Eck Diet of Worms – Charles V Excommunicated in 1521 – life in danger Kidnapped by Duke Frederick for his safety Against violence of movement – denounces peasant uprising

6 Reforms within the Lutheran Church
Money once gone to Rome would stay in home country Seven sacraments to two (Baptism and Holy Eucharist) Vernacular Liturgy Bible is supreme authority in all matters of faith Universal Priesthood of All Believers Marriage of clergy

7 John Calvin www.ignatiushistory.info/00842.jpg
Begins reform in church in Switzerland Believed as Luther in scripture and faith Salvation by grace Added Predestination Belief that God has known from beginning of time whether or not we would go to heaven, nothing we can do or not do Theocracy Calvin believed that it was necessary for Church and religion to play a major role in the government Liturgy Calvin believed that Liturgy (ceremonies) took away from the true meaning of the worship of God

8 What type of Calvinist am I?
Huguenots – French Calvinists Presbyterian - Scottish Calvinists Puritan – English Calvinist

9 Huldrych Zwingli demo. lutherproductions
Huldrych Zwingli demo.lutherproductions.com/historytutor/basic/reformation/people/images/zwingli.jpg Began reforms in early 1500’s Influenced by writings by Erasmus Like Luther in many ways except for church décor – wanted plain

10 Henry VIII www.monkeyview.net/id/246/uk_2002/Hnery_VIII.jpg
Second Tudor king of England Pro-Catholic church during early days of the Protestant Reformation Pope refers to him as a “Defender of the Faith” Henry calls Luther “a limb of the devil” Henry is married to Catherine of Aragon – devout Catholic and a …Hapsburg – the family line of the Holy Roman Emperor, her nephew, Charles V

11 Catherine’s Problem Birthed five children, one survives, a girl named Mary Henry fears death without heir, wants son Henry’s Move Petition the Pope for annulment Pope denies the annulment Henry is peeved and goes before Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy, which gives the power over all churches in England to the King Thus as the head of the Church in England, Henry grants himself a divorce and then marries Anne Boleyn

12 John Knox www. electricscotland. com/history/other/images/John%20Knox
John Knox Bring Calvinism to Scotland Church will be governed by elders call Presbyters – led to formation of the Presbyterian Church (Baptists)

13 Knox in Scotland 1567 – Protestant noble led by Knox overthrow the Catholic queen of Scotland (Mary Stuart) in a bloodless revolt Revolutionaries place Mary’s one-year old son James on the throne as a symbolic gesture (James VI)

14 Johannes Gutenberg www.chaco.gov.ar/cultura/Medios/historia/gutem.jpg
Created the Printing Press around 1450 Effect of Printing Press Allowed for mass printing of: Books Broadsides Books made cheaper and quicker Allows knowledge to spread quicker and to a wider range of areas People become more literate

15 Catholic Reformation / Counter Reformation
Pope Paul III Works to bring about spiritual revival to the Catholic Church Brought the Inquisition to Rome in 1478 Different than Spanish Inquisition – less punishment based and more unifying Calls meeting of Catholic church leaders in 1545

16 Council of Trent Major Doctrines
Pope’s interpretation of the Bible was final. Alternate interpretation = heresy Christians are saved by faith and good works The Bible and Church tradition shared equal authority for guiding a Christian’s life Indulgences, pilgrimages, and venerations of holy relics were all valid expressions of Christian piety. False selling of indulgences was banned

17 Ignatius de Loyola www.companysj.com/v191/ignatius.jpg
Worked to stop Reformation by strengthening Catholicism Founded the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) in 1534 Work to spread Catholicism through education

18 Consequences of the Reformation
Less toleration of differing religions/denominations Appearance of many different types of churches in Europe Strong interest in education Increased power for national governments

19 go.hrw.com/venus_images/0317MC14.gif

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