1. Basic Structure of the Human Body
Cell
Cell Reproduction
Tissues

2. Introduction Human body is an efficient, organized machine
Disease occurs when the machine does not function correction
Health care workers must understand normal function of the body before understanding the disease processes

3. Anatomy
The study of the form and structure of an organism

4. Physiology
Study of the processes of living organisms or why and how they work

5. Pathophysiology
Study of how disease occurs and response of the body to disease process

6. Protoplasm Basic substance of all life
Material that makes up all living things
Made of ordinary elements, such as carbon, oxygen, hydrogen,sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorus
Scientist can combine these elements, but they are not able to give it the characteristics to produce life.

7. Cells
Basic unit of structure and function of all living things; made of protoplasm
Microscopic organisms that carry on all functions of life
Take in food and oxygen
Produce heat and energy
Move and adapt to their environment
Eliminate waste
Perform special functions
Reproduce to create new identical cells

8. Human body contains trillions of cells.

9. Cells vary in shape and size and perform many different functions.

10. Basic parts of the cell Cell membrane
Outer protective covering of cell
Also called the plasma membrane or plasmalemma
Semipermeable allows certain substances to enter and leave cell while preventing the passage of other substance

11. Basic cell structure Cytoplasm
Semifluid inside the cell membrane but outside the nucleus
Contains water (70 to 90 percent), proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, minerals and salts
Site for all chemical reactions in cell

12. Basic Structure Organelles
Cell structure that help a cell to function
Located in cytoplasm
Main organelles include the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, lysosomes, centrioles, golgi apparatus and endoplasmis reticulum

13. Basic Structure Nucleus
Mass in cytoplasm
Separated from cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane and contains pores to allow substances to pass between the nucleus
Often called the brains of the cell
Controls many cell activities, including the process of mitosis or reproduction

14. Basic Structure Nucleolus
One or more small round bodies located inside the nucleus
Important in reproduction of the cell
Ribosomes made of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein are manufactured in the nucleolus
Ribosomes move to cytoplasm to aid in synthesis (production) of protein
Ribosomes can exist freely in the cytoplasm or be attached to the endoplasmic reticulum

15. Basic Structure Chromatin
Located inside the nucleus
Made up of deoxyribonucleic aid (DNA) and protein
Chromatin condenses to from rod-like structure called chromosomes during cell reproduction

16. Chromosomes Human cell has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
Each chromosome contains between 30,000 and 45,000 genes, the structures that carry inherited characteristics
Each gene has a specific and unique sequence of about 1000 base pairs of DNA

17. Genes
Each gene has a specific and unique sequence of about 1000 base pairs of DNA
DNA carries genetic coding that allows for exact duplication of the cell
DNA sequence on genes is unique for each individual
DNA is used as an identification tool similar to fingerprints but much more exact

18. Genome
Total mass of genetic instruction humans inherit from their parents
Consists of strings of DNA nucleotides
Human beings have about 3 billion nucleotides in their genome
Order of nucleotides on DNA sequences provide instructions for body to build all of its parts, everything from permanent structures such as teeth and brain cells to short lived substances such as blood and hormones

19. Basic Structure Centrosome
Located in cytoplasm near the nucleus
Contains two centrioles important in reproduction
During mitosis, or cell division, the centrioles separate
Thin cytoplasmic spindle fibers form between the centrioles and attach to the chromosomes
Creates an even division of the chromosomes in the two new cells.

20. Basic Structure Mitochrondria
Rod-shaped organelles located throughout the cytoplasm
Called furnaces or powerhouses of the cell
Break down carbohydrates, proteins and fats to produce adenoside triphosphate (ATP) which is major energy source of the cell
Cell can contain just 1 to over 1000 mitochrondria depending on how much energy the cell requires.

21. Cell Structure Golgi Apparatus
Stack of membrane layers located in cytoplasm
Produces, stores, and packages secretions for discharge from the cell
Cells of salivary, gastric, and pancreatic glands have large numbers of Golgi appartus

22. Cell Structure Endoplasmic reticulum
Fine network of tubular structures in cytoplasm
Allows for transport of materials into and out of the nucleus
Also aids in synthesis and storage of proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum contains ribosomes which are the sites for protein synthesis
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain ribosomes and is not present in all cells; but it does assist with cholesterol synthesis, fat metabolism and detoxification of drugs

23. Cell Structure Vacuoles
Pouch like structures found throughout cytoplasm
Have a vascuolar membrane with same structure as cell membrane
Filled with watery substances, stored food or waste products

24. Cell Structure Lysosomes
Oval or round bodies found throughout the cytoplasm
Contain digestive enzymes that digest and destroy old cells, bacteria, and foreign materials
Fuse with stored food vacuoles to convert food to a form that can be used by mitochondria

25. Cell Structure Pinocytic vesicles
Pocketlike folds in the cell membrane
Allow large molecules such as protein and fat to enter the cell
When molecule is inside the cell, the pocket closes to form a vacuole, or bubble, in the cytoplasm
When cell needs energy, vesicles fuse with lysosomes to allow proteins and fats to be digested and used by mitochondria to produce ATP(energy).

26. Mitosis Asexual reproduction process used by most cell
Cells reproduce by dividing into two identical cells
Skin, blood forming, and intestinal tract cells reproduce continuously
Muscle cells reproduce only every few years, but muscle tissue can be enlarged with exercise.
Some specialized cells do not reproduce after birth
Includes nerve cells in brain and spinal cord
If these cells are damaged or destroyed, others are not formed to replace them

27. Process of mitosis

28. Meiosis Process by which sex cells (gametes) reproduce
Process uses two separate cell divisions to produce four new cells
When female cells (ova) or male cells (sperm) divide by meiosis, the number of chromosomes is reduced to 23 or one half the number found in cells created by mitosis.

29. When oven and sperm join, zygote or new cell, has 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs
-- 23 chromosomes from ovum or maternal cell
23 chromosomes from sperm or paternal cell
Creates new individual with 23 pairs half from mother and half from father.

30. Meiosis

31. Zygote begins period of rapid mitotic division
Within four to five days, the zygote is a hollow ball like mass of cells called a blastocyst
Within this blastocyst are embryonic stem cells
Stem cells have the ability to transform themselves into any of the body’s specialized cells and perform many different functions.

32. Controversial area of research
Scientists attempting to determine whether stem cells can be transplanted into the body to cure diseases such as diabetes mellitus, Parkinson’s, heart disease, oseteoporosis, arthritis and spinal cord injuries

33. Stem Cells Embryonic cells Umbilical cord blood cells
Adult tissues such as bone marrow and liver (but these cells do not have the ability to evolve into every kind of cell; these stem cells evolve into more cells of their own kind.)

34. Tissue Cells of the same type join together for a common purpose
60 – 99 percent water with various substances dissolved in it
Fluid called tissue fluid
Slightly salty by nature
Dehydration: insufficient amount of tissue fluid
Edema: Excess amount of tissue fluid; swelling

35. Four groups of tissues Epithelial tissue Connective tissue
Nerve tissue
Muscle tissue

36. Epithelial Tissue Covers surface of body and main tissue in skin
Forms lining of intestinal, respiratory, circulatory, and urinary tracts and other body cavities
Forms body glands where it specializes to produce specific secretions for the body, such as mucus and digestive juices

37. Connective Tissue Supporting fabric of organs and other body parts
Soft connective tissue
Adipose or fatty tissue: stores fat as reserve food or source of energy, insulates the body, fills the area between tissue fibers, and acts as padding
Fibrous connective tissue: includes ligaments and tendons that help hold body structures together

38. Connective Tissue Hard connective tissue
- Cartilage: tough, elastic material found between bones of spine and at end of long bones where it acts as a shock absorber and allows for flexibility; also found in nose, ears, and larynx to provide form or shaping
- Bone: similar to cartilage but has calcium salts, nerves, and blood vessels; frequently called osseous tissue; helps form body structure

39. Connective Tissue
Blood and lymph (liquid connective tissue or vascular tissue)
Blood carries nutrients and oxygen to body cells and metabolic wastes away from cells
Lymph transport tissue fluid, proteins, fats and other materials from the tissues to the circulatory system

40. Nerve Tissue Made of special cells called neurons
Controls and coordinates body activities by transmitting messages throughout the body
Nerves, brain and spinal cord are composed of nerve tissue.

41. Muscle Tissue
Produces power and movement through contraction of muscle fibers
Three main kinds:
Skeletal: attaches to bones and provides movement
Cardiac: causes the heart to beat
Visceral: located in walls of the respiratory, digestive, urinary tract and blood vessels

42. Organs Two or more tissues join together for a specific function
Examples include: heart, stomach, lungs, and kidneys

43. Systems
Organs and other parts that join together for a particular function
Includes: integumentary, skeletal, muscular, circulatory, lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, digestive, urinary or excretory, endocrine, and reproductive

44. Summary Protoplasm is basic substance of life
Protoplasm forms structural units called cells
Cells combine to form tissues
Tissues combine to form organs
Organs and other parts combine to form systems
Systems work together to create miracle of human body.