1. Basic Cell Structure

2. (Developed after Robert Hooke invented the microscope in 1665)
Introduction
Cells help living creatures with activities of life such as movement, growth, and reproduction
Cell Theory
(Developed after Robert Hooke invented the microscope in 1665)
All living things are made of cells.
Cells are the basic units of structure and function for all living things.
All cells come from cells that already exist.

3. Eyepiece
Microscopes
Microscopes are instruments to see things that may not be visible to the human eye
A microscope’s magnification if found by multiplying the powers of the eyepiece and the objective lens
Objective Lenses

4. Cell Types
Bacteria
-Once-celled organisms; larger organisms are made of many cells, sometimes TRILLIONS of cells!

5. Cell Types
Plant Cell

6. Cell Types
Animal Cell

7. Plant cell Cell membrane
Flexible structure that lies immediately against the cell wall
Made of protein and lipid
Controls everything that goes into and comes out of the cell; selectively permeable

8. Plant cell Cell wall Made of cellulose Gives shape to cell
Strong and rigid
Resists entry of excess water
Support and protection for cell

9. Plant cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane
Provide s a medium for chemical reactions to take place

10. Cell Organelles
Specialized structures in a cell that are responsible for the various jobs that take place within the cell
Include, for example, nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, ribosomes, vacuoles, nucleolus, chloroplasts, etc.

11. Plant cell Chloroplasts Contain the green pigment chlorophyll
To trap light energy to make food by photosynthesis
Contain starch grains (products of photosynthesis)

12. Plant cell Mitochondrion
Cellular respiration takes place here – uses oxygen to convert food energy into a form the cell can use
Release energy, carbon dioxide, and water
POWERHOUSE of the cell
Active cells (sperm, liver cells) have more mitochondria

13. Plant cell Non-living granules Starch granules Oil droplets
Crystals of insoluble wastes

14. Plant cell Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell
Bound by a nuclear membrane
Contains hereditary material called chromosomes
Chromosomes carry genes

15. Plant cell Vacuole Contains cell sap
a solution of chemicals (sugars, proteins, mineral salts, wastes, pigments)
Stores water, food and wastes

16. Different kinds of plant cells

17. Animal cell
No cell wall
No chloroplasts
No large central vacuole

18. Animal cell Endoplasmic
Reticulum (ER): Transports materials from place to place in the cell
Golgi Apparatus:
Packages materials before sending them out to other places in the cell

19. Animal cell Ribosomes: Some are attached to the ER make proteins
Nucleolus:
Makes RNA/ribosomes
Lysosomes:
Contain digestive enzymes

20. Different kinds of animal cells

21. Differences between plant cells and animal cells
Relatively smaller
Relatively larger
Irregular in size
Regular in size
No cell wall
Cell wall present
Vacuole small or absent
Large central vacuole
Glycogen granules as food store
Starch granules as food store
Nucleus at the centre
Nucleus near cell wall

22. Cells
Cells in many-celled organisms are specialized in shape and size for their function
Human specialized cells include fat cells, bone cells, nerve cells, and muscle cells
Fat cells can store so much fat that the nucleus is pressed against the cell membrane
A hard calcium and phosphorus material surrounds bone cells
Nerve cells have many long branches to send and receive messages
Muscle cells have fibers that can contract and relax
Plant cells in leaves, stems, and roots are specialized to move food and water

23. Tissue
Cells are grouped together and work as a whole to perform special functions
A group of similar cells to perform a particular job
Animals: epithelial tissue, muscular tissue
Plants: vascular tissue, mesophyll

24. Organ
Different tissues group together to carry out specialized functions
Heart: consists of muscles, nervous tissue and blood vessels
Leaf: consists of epidermis, mesophyll and vascular tissue

25. Organ System
Several organs and tissues work together to carry out a particular set of functions in a coordinated way
Human: digestive, respiratory, excretory, circulatory and reproductive systems
Plant: root and shoot systems