1. RESPIRATORY DISORDERS
Tonsillitis
Laryngitis
Common cold
Bronchitis
Pneumonia
Pleurisy
Emphysema
Cystic fibrosis
Asthma
Lung cancer

2. TONSILLITIS Tonsillitis is an infection (usually viral) of the tonsils
If a child has many infections, the tonsils are surgically removed

3. TONSILLITIS
It is believed the tonsils help prevent bacteria and other pathogens from entering the body – therefore a removal may increase the number of illnesses later in life

4. LARYNGITIS Laryngitis is an inflammation of the larynx (vocal cords)
CAUSES: virus
allergies
straining
of voice

5. LARYNGITIS
When the larynx is inflamed, the vocal cords can’t vibrate properly – therefore the voice is hoarse or even non-existent
TREATMENT – rest, fluids, no talking!!

6. Upper Respiratory Tract Infections: Common Cold (Infectious Rhinitis)
Viral (rhinovirus)
Spread through respiratory droplets
Highly contagious
Initially mucous membranes of nose, pharynx swollen, increased secretions
Signs
Nasal congestion and watery discharge
Mouth breathing
Change in tone of voice
Sore throat, headache, slight fever
Cough

7. COMMON COLD Treatment – rest, fluids – NOT antibiotics – it is a virus
Presently, there is no cure or vaccine

8. COMMON COLD
The cold virus is spread either through droplets in the air or direct contact with an infected person or contaminated surface (1 day before symptoms appear and up to 5 days after)

9. The best way to reduce the chances of getting a cold…
WASH HANDS!

10. BRONCHITIS An infection of the bronchi 2 types:
1. Acute – caused by a bacteria
- treated with antibiotics

11. BRONCHITIS 2. Chronic – long term
- usually caused by an irritant – ie smoking
- cilia become damaged and can’t clear debris
- treatment – quit smoking

13. PNEUMONIA The alveoli become inflamed and fill with liquid
Gas exchange is impaired and the body becomes starved for oxygen

15. X-RAY OF PNEUMONIA
Patient has pneumonia in the right lung (note – white mass = fluid)
Lungs should appear black on an x-ray

16. "Pneumonia" encompasses many different diseases that involve infection or inflammation of the lungs. Pneumonia is caused by a variety of agents such as bacteria, viruses, and mycoplasmas, among others. Pneumonia remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States; in 1996 there were an estimated 4.8 million cases of pneumonia.Pneumonia affects the lungs in two ways. Lobar pneumonia affects a lobe of the lungs, and bronchial pneumonia can affect patches throughout both lungs.
Lobular pneumonia
Lobar pneumonia affects a lobe of the lungs (see x-ray), and bronchial pneumonia can affect patches throughout both lungs.

17. TYPES OF PNEUMONIA
LOBULAR
BRONCHIAL

18. TREATMENT BACTERIAL VIRAL Caused by the bacterium
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Treated with antibiotics
Can be somewhat prevented with the pneumococcal vaccine
Caused by a virus
Can be treated with anti-viral medication
They are usually less severe – however a secondary bacterial infection can follow – which is then treated with antibiotics

19. PLEURISY
The pleura is a sac surrounding the lungs.  It consists of two layers, one covering the lung (visceral), while the other covers the inside of the chest wall or rib cage (parietal).  Between the two layers is a space in which a small amount of fluid circulates to lubricate the two surfaces as they slide over one another during breathing.

20. PLEURISY
Pleurisy refers to the inflammation (irritation, swelling, stickiness) of the pleura. 
Pleurisy is not a disease, but a symptom of another condition (e.g. virus or bacterial infection).

21. SYMPTOMS & TREATMENT SYMPTOMS
Sharp, stabbing pain in chest – usually localized in one area
TREATMENT
Treat the cause – ie virus or bacteria causing the pleurisy

22. EMPHYSEMA A chronic respiratory disorder
The alveolar walls break down & lose their elasticity
Surface area is greatly reduced – breathing is difficult

23. EMPHYSEMA CAUSE: usually from many years of smoking
Effects are permanent and incurable

24. EMPHYSEMA - treatments
Low-flow oxygen tank – delivers a higher oxygen concentration
Lung volume reduction surgery (LVR) – removal of damaged tissue to let healthy tissue work more efficiently

25. CYSTIC FIBROSIS Genetic condition
An abnormal gene causes the cells lining the alveoli to secrete a thick, sticky mucus
Mucus attracts bacteria and numerous infections result

26. CYSTIC FIBROSIS - treatments
There is no cure – life expectancy is usually low – early 30s
Medicines are used to thin the mucus
Antibiotics are given for infections

28. CYSTIC FIBROSIS New treatments include gene therapy
An inhaler is used to spray healthy versions of the abnormal gene – the healthy genes can then make proper mucus

29. ASTHMA Asthma is a chronic respiratory disorder
Bronchi and bronchioles are affected – bronchiole muscles tighten, mucus is produced – breathing is difficult

30. ASTHMA - causes
Generally it is thought that asthma is somewhat inherited
TRIGGERS – include pollen, dust, smoke, pets, exercise

31. ASTHMA - symptoms Chest tightness Wheezing Night-time cough
Restricted breathing

33. ASTHMA - treatments
IMMEDIATE – bronchodilators – give immediate relief to tightened bronchioles
Inhalers can be metered - ie medicine is forced out by a chemical propellant
powdered - no propellant

34. ASTHMA - treatments
LONG-TERM – some patients use a corticosteroid treatment to control spasms in the bronchioles (eg – QVAR inhaler)
Patients with severe asthma may even take stronger medications such as Prednisone

35. Obstructive Lung Disease: Lung Cancer
Primary or secondary; benign rare
Primary is major cause of death
Linked with cigarette smoking
Metastases develop frequently in lung b/c:
Venous return and lymph vessels bring tumor cells from distant site in body  heart  lung
Poor prognosis

36. Normal Lung vs. Cancerous Lung

37. LUNG CANCER
Abnormal cells multiply and form malignant tumours called carcinomas
Carcinomas impede healthy lung tissue – making breathing difficult

38. LUNG CANCER - causes
Carcinogens (cancer-causing agents) in cigarette smoke are the leading cause of lung cancer
Exposure to radon – a heavy gaseous radioactive element – found in rocks, soil and some buildings
Exposure to asbestos – found in some insulation & ceiling tiles

39. LUNG CANCER - diagnosis
X-ray
CT scan (computed tomography – a cross-section of the lungs is taken)
Helical low-dose CT scan can detect very small tumours (see right)

42. Lung Cancer—treatment
Surgery on localized lesions
Chemotherapy and radiation
Poor prognosis unless tumor in early stages of development

43. TRADITIONAL HEALING
Many cultures, including native Canadians have used natural treatments for a wide variety of illnesses for many years

44. TRADITIONAL HEALING
White willow – tea made from the bark contains salicin – reduces fever (acetyl salicylic acid – ASA = Aspirin )

45. TRADITIONAL HEALING
Boswellia – sap from this tree is used as an anti-inflammatory
Used in the manufacturing of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for arthritis

46. TRADITIONAL HEALING
Seneca snakeroot – contains a milky liquid used for treating snakebites
Also used as a decongestant to loosen mucus in the lungs

47. TRADITIONAL HEALING
Pleurisy root – treats colds, coughs, bronchitis, pneumonia, and pleurisy

48. TRADITIONAL HEALING
Licorice root – believed to help relieve symptoms of common cold
Rat root – helps clear mucus from lungs