1. Key Idea #14
Cells in all multicellular organisms are specialized to take in nutrients, which they use to provide energy for the work that cells do and to make the materials that cells or organisms need.

2. Chemical Compounds in Cells
Nutrients taken in by the cell provide materials to
build cell organelles
build specialized molecules used by the organisms, including:
carbohydrates
lipids (fats)
proteins
nucleic acids: DNA and RNA

3. In plants, water and carbon dioxide are taken in by the plant and used to produce carbohydrates, proteins and fats (lipids).

4. Carbohydrates
are energy-rich compounds made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
are an important part of cell membranes and cell walls.
include sugars found in fruits and some vegetables.
include starches found in potatoes, corn, rice, and wheat bread which your body breaks down into glucose (a sugar).

5. Proteins
are large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sulfur.
are found in foods such as meats, eggs, fish, nuts and beans.
form parts of cell membranes.
make up many of the organelles found in cells.
are used by cells in your body to build body parts such as hair and nails.
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6. publications.nigms.nih.gov

7. Fats (Lipids)
are energy-rich compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
include fats, oils, and waxes found in seeds.
Peanuts, almonds walnuts (fat)
Sunflower (fats)
Olive (oil)
avocado (oil)
include cholesterol.
an important part of animal cell membranes
Meat, cheese, and eggs are all high in cholesterol.

8. FYI
The jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis), a native shrub of the southwestern United States produces seeds and liquid wax.
The white, solid wax is produced by hydrogenation of the unsaturated liquid wax.
Hydrogenation is the process that involves the addition of hydrogen to the fatty acids under heat and pressure.

9. Nucleic Acids
are very large organic molecules made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
contain the instructions needed to carry out life.
DNA:
genetic material that contains the information that is passed from parent to offspring
RNA:
important for protein production
found in the cytoplasm and nucleus

10. Plants are multicellular organisms that produce their own food.
Plants use energy from light to make sugar molecules from the atoms of carbon dioxide and water.
Plants use these sugars along with minerals from the soil to form fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.
Fats, proteins and carbohydrates can be used immediately, incorporated into the cells of a plant as the plant grows, or stored for later use.

11. Water helps cells keep their size and shape.
is important because most chemical reactions in cells require water.
botany.thismia.com

12. Cell Membrane acts as a gatekeeper
is selectively permeable and controls what substances can enter or leave the cell
is permeable to oxygen, water, and carbon dioxide
(they can pass through it)
is not permeable to some large molecules and salts
(they can’t pass through it)

13. Substances that can move into and out of a cell use one of three methods:
diffusion
osmosis
active transport

14. Diffusion – Molecules in Motion
Diffusion is the main method by which small molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

15. Diffusion occurs when
molecules bump into each other and eventually spread out evenly throughout an area.

16. Diffusion and Osmosis

17. Osmosis
is the diffusion of only water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane.
is important to cells because they can’t function properly without adequate water.
Note: Only water molecules pass through the cell membrane during osmosis.

18. Active transport uses the cell’s energy (ATP) to help nutrients enter the cell that can’t pass through the cell membrane by diffusion.

19. Active Transport

20. Active transport examples:
Engulfing
Transport proteins in the cell membrane pick up molecules outside the cell and carry them inside.
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