1. How Cells Function 2.1 Chemical reactions take place inside cells. 2.2
CHAPTER
How Cells Function
the BIG idea
All cells need energy and materials for life processes.
2.1
Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
2.2
Cells capture and release energy.
2.3
Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
CHAPTER OUTLINE

2. Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
2.1
Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules—
chemical reaction
carbohydrates,
carbohydrate
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
carbohydrates
SECTION
OUTLINE

3. Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
2.1
Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules—
chemical reaction
carbohydrates,
carbohydrate
lipids
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
lipids
SECTION
OUTLINE

4. Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
2.1
Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules—
chemical reaction
carbohydrates,
carbohydrate
lipids
, proteins
lipid
protein
nucleic acid
proteins
SECTION
OUTLINE

5. Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
2.1
Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
All cells are made of the same elements. Cells contain four types of large molecules—
chemical reaction
carbohydrates,
carbohydrate
, and nucleic acids—that support cell function.
lipids
, proteins
lipid
About two thirds of every cell is water. The properties
of water are important to cell function.
protein
nucleic acid
nucleic acids
SECTION
OUTLINE

6. 2.1 chemical reaction Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
carbohydrate
lipid
The process by which chemical changes occur. In a chemical reaction, atoms are rearranged, and chemical bonds are broken and formed.
protein
nucleic acid
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

7. 2.1 carbohydrate Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
lipid
A type of carbon-based molecule in living things. Carbohydrates include sugars and starches used for energy or as structural materials. Carbohydrate molecules contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
protein
nucleic acid
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

8. 2.1 lipid Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
carbohydrate
lipid
A type of carbon-based molecule in living things. Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes used for energy or as structural materials. Lipids are made up of subunits of fatty acids.
protein
nucleic acid
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

9. 2.1 protein Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
carbohydrate
lipid
A macromolecule in living things that is made up of smaller molecules called amino acids. Proteins control the chemical activity of a cell and support growth and repair.
protein
nucleic acid
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

10. 2.1 nucleic acid Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
carbohydrate
lipid
One of several carbon-based molecules that carry an organism’s genetic code. One of the nucleic acids (DNA) contains the information needed to construct proteins. RNA, a second type of nucleic acid, translates the information into proteins.
protein
nucleic acid
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

11. Cells capture and release energy.
2.2
Cells capture and release energy.
All cells need energy. Some cells capture light energy through photosynthesis. All cells release chemical energy from glucose.
chemical energy
glucose
Cellular respiration and fermentation are two ways that cells release energy from glucose.
photosynthesis
Light Energy
oxygen
glucose
Photosynthesis
chlorophyll
carbon dioxide
Cellular Respiration
water
Chemical Energy
cellular respiration
fermentation
SECTION
OUTLINE

12. 2.2 chemical energy Cells capture and release energy.
glucose
Energy that is stored in the chemical composition of matter. The amount of chemical energy in a substance depends on the types and arrangement of its atoms. When wood or gasoline burns, chemical energy produces heat. The energy used by the cells in your body comes from chemical energy in the foods you eat.
photosynthesis
chlorophyll
cellular respiration
fermentation
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

13. 2.2 glucose Cells capture and release energy.
chemical energy
glucose
glucose
A sugar molecule that is a major energy source for most cells, produced by the process of photosynthesis.
photosynthesis
chlorophyll
cellular respiration
fermentation
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

14. 2.2 photosynthesis Cells capture and release energy.
chemical energy
photosynthesis
glucose
The process by which green plants and other producers use simple compounds and energy from light to make sugar, an energy-rich compound. This is an endothermic process in which light is absorbed and used to change carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.
photosynthesis
chlorophyll
cellular respiration
fermentation
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

15. 2.2 chlorophyll Cells capture and release energy.
chemical energy
chlorophyll
glucose
A light-absorbing chemical, a pigment, that traps the energy in sunlight and converts it to chemical energy. Found in chloroplasts of plant cells and the cells of other photosynthetic organisms.
photosynthesis
chlorophyll
cellular respiration
fermentation
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

16. 2.2 cellular respiration Cells capture and release energy.
chemical energy
cellular respiration
glucose
A process in which cells use oxygen to release energy stored in sugars.
photosynthesis
chlorophyll
cellular respiration
fermentation
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

17. 2.2 fermentation Cells capture and release energy.
chemical energy
fermentation
glucose
A chemical process by which cells release energy from sugar when no oxygen is present.
photosynthesis
chlorophyll
cellular respiration
fermentation
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

18. Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
2.3
Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
Passive transport is the movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport.
diffusion
passive transport
osmosis
active transport
Equal amounts of oxygen move into and out of the cell.
SECTION
OUTLINE

19. Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
2.3
Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
Passive transport is the movement of materials from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Diffusion and osmosis are examples of passive transport.
diffusion
passive transport
Active transport is the movement of materials from an area
of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration. Cells need energy to perform active transport.
osmosis
active transport
energy
salt
inside cell
SECTION
OUTLINE

20. 2.3 diffusion Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
passive transport
The tendency of a substance to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
osmosis
active transport
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

21. 2.3 passive transport Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
diffusion
passive transport
passive transport
The movement of materials through a membrane without any input of energy.
osmosis
active transport
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

22. 2.3 osmosis Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
diffusion
osmosis
passive transport
The movement of water through a membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
osmosis
active transport
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

23. 2.3 active transport Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
diffusion
active transport
passive transport
The process of using energy to move materials through a membrane.
osmosis
active transport
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

24. 2.1 Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
I. Chemical reactions take place inside cells.
chemical reaction
A. All cells are made of the same elements.
carbohydrate
B. Large molecules support cell function.
lipid
1. Carbohydrates
protein
2. Lipids
nucleic acid
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids
C. About two thirds of every cell is water.
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

25. Cells capture and release energy.
2.2
Cells capture and release energy.
II. Cells capture and release energy.
chemical energy
A. All cells need energy.
glucose
B. Some cells capture light energy.
photosynthesis
C. All cells release energy.
chlorophyll
1. Cellular Respiration
cellular respiration
2. Fermentation
fermentation
3. Energy and Exercise
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY

26. Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
2.3
Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
III. Materials move across the cell’s membranes.
diffusion
A. Some materials move by diffusion.
passive transport
1. Concentration
osmosis
2. Diffusion in Cells
active transport
3. Osmosis
B. Some transport requires energy.
1. Active Transport
2. Endocytosis
3. Exocytosis
C. Cell size affects transport.
KEY CONCEPT
SUMMARY