1. Egypt’s Powerful Kings and Queens
Chapter 3, Section 2

2. Hatshepsut
Pharaoh  the title of the kings (and queens) of ancient Egypt
Queen Hatshepsut ruled Egypt during the New Kingdom.
Bold leader
Led army into battle when borders threatened
Peaceful
Encouraged trade with faraway places
African expeditions (ivory, gold, spices)

3. Egypt’s God-Kings
Egypt’s fortunes rested on the strength of its pharaohs.
The history of Ancient Egypt is the history of each of its dynasties.
Dynasty  a series of rulers from the same family

4. From Dynasty to Dynasty
Dynasties are grouped into three periods:
Earliest = Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
Latest = New Kingdom
For most of ancient Egyptian history, there was stable rule.

5. Menes
1st dynasty began when a king named Menes united Lower and Upper Egypt.
Built a city named Memphis
Ruled over the two lands
The uniting of Egypt began one of the most stable civilizations in history – lasted for more than 2,500 years.

6. All-Powerful Pharaohs
The pharaohs had absolute power over their people – whatever he decided became law.
Religious leader – belief that he provided his people with the Nile’s yearly floods and harvests that followed

7. Old Kingdom First 6 dynasties Able rules Well-run system of government
Kept peace and trade with Nubia
Sent merchants to eastern coast of the Mediterranean for timber
Build houses, boats, furniture
2250 B.C. governors in the provinces began to challenge the power of the pharaoh’s government
Egypt’s unity crumbled  dynasties grew weak

8. Old Kingdom Pyramids at Giza
“During the Old Kingdom, Egyptian rulers grew in power and influence. Their people began to consider them not just kings, but also gods.”

9. Middle Kingdom Early dynasties restored order and reunited the country
Spent nation’s wealth on irrigation projects
Canal built between the Nile and Red Sea
Less able rulers followed
Lost control to foreign invaders

10. Irrigation

11. New Kingdom 1550 B.C. Egyptian princes drove out invaders
Pharaohs wanted to build an empire.
Created huge armies of foot soldiers, mounted warriors, and war chariots.
Bronze swords and body armor = unbeatable

12. C h a r i o t s

13. A Powerful Queen, a Great Pharaoh
1500 B.C. a child named Thutmose III became pharaoh.
Because of his youth, his stepmother was appointed regent.
Regent  someone who rules for a child until the child is old enough to rule
Hatshepsut – not content to be regent so named herself pharaoh
Ruled for about 22 years

14. A Powerful Queen, a Great Pharaoh
Refused to yield the throne to Thutmose when he was of age
He took over when she died and all of her statues destroyed.

15. Hatshepsut

16. Thutmose III
Thutmose III was one of the greatest pharaohs of the new Kingdom.
Led army in wars against Syria and Phoenicia
Educated, loved to study plants
Treated defeated people with
mercy

17. Decline of New Kingdom Decline came around 1075 B.C.
Civil war left Egypt weak and poorly defended.
The mighty kingdom fell to the famous conqueror Alexander the Great in 332 B.C.
Egypt became part of the Roman Empire.
Egypt didn’t govern itself again for almost 2,000 years.