2. ORTHOPTEROIDORTHOPTEROID Orders Orders

3. Orthopteroid orders INSECT DIVERSITY: ORDERS 37% Species 5-8% Gullen & Cranston 2005 Fig. 7.2

4. PLECOPTERA, stoneflies AQUATIC as immatures

5. ORTHOPTERAORTHOPTERA grasshoppers, katydids, crickets

6. well-developed, thin antennae forewings = leathery “tegmina” hind femora often “saltatory” some characteristics typical of orthopterans, especially those in the suborder CAELIFERA, grasshoppers generalized, chewing mouthparts single-segmented cerci Complex wing veination

7. “substitutional ovipositor”, the abdomen flexed with stretchy cuticle as an egg-inserting device “pod” of many eggs CAELIFERA suborder CAELIFERA: grasshoppers, locusts short, stout antennae diurnal

9. Incomplete, or gradual metamorphosis Aposematism Vegetarian diet Hopping legs

10. Kentromorphism (a type of polymorphism), phase change between generations Major historical impacts: Biblical times to present; determined pattern of settlement of western United States. Locusts, specialized grasshoppers http://images.google.com Recommended reading!

11. “Just another day’s catch…” …but more seriously.

12. Order ORTHOPTERA, Suborder ENSIFERA: katydids & crickets stout, specialized ovipositor long, delicate antennae nocturnal eggs laid singly May have hearing organs in forelegs very long legs

13. crypsis/mimesis

14. A nocturnal, warrior-like, predaceous katydid. Crunch crunch, crunch in the night; lunch, lunch, lunch after the fight.

15. The native New Zealand “weta”, an ecological analog of granivorous rodents. The more familiar Jerusalem crickets are similar to the weta, both are burrowing Orthopteroids.

16. Camel & Cave Crickets http://www.utexas.edu/tmm

17. Mole cricket, a striking morphological analog of a fossorial vertebrate. p://www.moleplace.com/images/townsend2.gif

18. PHASMATODEA, stick & leaf insects

19. Sexual dimorphism is the norm in stick insects. In most species, the male is the winged, dispersing sex, female apterous. Parthenogenesis is common; in some well-studied species the male has never been observed. All early stick insects were wingless. Millions of years later, the wing was re- evolved in some genera, apparently from latent genes. It has all the features of the archtypal insect wing.

20. Tropical stick insect eggs may “rain” from the forest canopy. They not only look like seeds but, like some seeds, may lie in diapause for months or years before hatching.

21. Phasmid -- NOT! (Stick insects do not hop.)

22. Forceps-like cerci, used for prey-grasping, mating, or defense (mainly a ruse). May be vestigial in some species. DERMAPTERA Earwig elements

23. DERMAPTERA, earwigs female males, polymorphic: sexually- selected cerci (“pincers”) Forficula auricularia, the European earwig, among the most common North American insects Hemimerus talpoides, a parasite of African rodents Arixenia esau, SE Asian parasite of bats Very weird species.

24. Brood tending: primitive social behavior in earwigs. … & an earwig stamp! Cool or what?

25. BLATTODEA, cockroaches

26. Australian “bush” roach Some economic pest species: (L to R) German, Oriental, & American

27. Blattella germanica Blatta orientalis Economically important cockroaches number only a dozen or so species. Some “tramp” species now have a worldwide distribution.

28. Female Madegascar hissing cockroach with brood (viviparous). Some roaches show primitive social behavior. Photo: K. R. Williams

29. MANTODEA, mantids, “predaceous cockroaches”? flexible neck/rotating head enlarged, floating coxa elongateelongate prothorax prothorax raptoral femur/tibia widely-spaced binocular (3-D) eyes

30. stick-like flower-like Mantids: experts at crypsis, sit-&-wait predation

31. Males may contribute more than sperm! “I’m going out of my head over you…” (Luther VanDross, ca. 1966)

32. ISOPTERA, termites (all are eusocial; none are haplodiploid) many are “econonomic “ pests extreme polymorphism is the norm

33. termite nests Construction by blind workers Aerial nests from SE Asia

34. termite nests, Australia

35. “nasute” soldiers squirting glue to entrap an enemy

36. GRYLLOBLATTODEA, grylloblattids (“glacierbugs”, “rockcrawlers”); limited to paraglacial habitats on mountains in W. North America and NE Asia The “coolest” insects!

37. EMBIOPTERA, webspinners silk glands

38. A newly recognized insect order. MANTOPHASMATODEA, “heel-walkers, a.k.a. gladiators” long known from museum specimens, rediscovered in Namibia, described in 2002 Source: http://www.sungaya.de/oz/gladiator/index.htm (10 July 2003) http://www.sungaya.de/oz/gladiator/index.htm

39. ZORAPTERA, zorapterans. Enigmatic, tiny, termite-like cellulose feeders but solitary. Z is for …

40. ~ end ~