1. PHASMATODEA
Stick and leaf insects

2. Relationships of the Polyneoptera
Plecoptera ✓
Zoraptera ✓
Embiodea ✓
Dermaptera ✓
Grylloblattodea ✓ ✓
Mantophasmatodea
Phasmida
Orthoptera ✓
Mantodea
Isoptera
Blattaria

3. Hexapod Orders Phasmatodea Phasma - phantom Number of Species 3,000
Common names
Stick insects, leaf insects
Typical habitats
- arboreal, worldwide
Distinguishing characteristics
no ovipositor
no saltatorial hind legs
elongated prothorax
Other features
-some show parthenogenesis
-very cryptic
-prolonged mating

4. Features of Phasmatodea
Hindlegs not
saltatorial
Elongate pronotum
No ovipositor

5. Reproduction - mating

6. Reproduction - eggs
operculum
-mimic seed pods

8. BLATTODEA
Roaches

9. Hexapod Orders Blattodea Blatta - roach Number of Species 4,000
Common names
Roaches, cockroaches
Typical habitats
- damp, warm dark areas - tropical forests
Distinguishing characteristics
No ovipositor
No saltatorial hind legs
Other features
-ootheca used in oviposition

10. Distinguishing feature - Ootheca

11. Modes of Reproduction
Oviparous
Ovoviviparous
Viviparous

12. MANTODEA
Mantids

13. Hexapod Orders Mantodea Mantid - soothsayer Number of Species 2.300
Common names
Mantids
Typical habitats
- arboreal
Distinguishing characteristics
Predatory adaptations
Other features
-ootheca used in oviposition

14. Predatory adaptations
Large eyes
Freely moving head
Predatory adaptations
Elongated prothorax
Raptorial forelegs

15. Predatory adaptations
Crypsis

16. Predatory adaptations
Crypsis

17. Mantodea - reproduction

18. Mantodea - reproduction

19. Mantodea - reproduction
Maxwell 1999 Behaviour 36:

20. Mantodea - reproduction

21. ISOPTERA
(termites)

22. Hexapod Orders Isoptera Iso - equal, ptera - wings Number of Species
3,000
Common names
Termites, white ants
Typical habitats
- fossorial, colonial
Distinguishing characteristics
Sociality
Castes
Other features
-loss of ovipositor

23. Digesting lignocellulose
Lignin

24. Termites and symbiotic bacteria and protists

25. Termite Castes
King
Queen
Alates
Soldier
Worker

26. Termite Life Cycle Supplemental reproductives Worker Soldier Alate
(winged reproductive}
Reproductive nymph
Nymphs
Eggs
Wingless reproductive
King
Queen

27. Fig. 3. Dorsal view of various castes in Glossotermes oculatus: (A) apterous immature; (B) female apterous neotenic; (C) nymph; and (D)female nymphoid neotenic.
Fig. 2. Live individuals of Glossotermes oculatus, exposed after
damage to the log housing the colony. S, soldiers; L, larva; other
individuals are apterous immatures. Total length of an apterous
immature, from mandibles to tip of abdomen, is about 3mm.

28. How are castes determined?
King
Queen
stimulates
Produce male inhibitor
Produce female inhibitor
proctodeal feeding
proctodeal feeding
Male nymph
Female nymph
Absorbs male inhibitor
Passes female inhibitor
Absorbs female inhibitor
Passes male inhibitor
To other worker nymphs via mutual feeding

29. Termite nests

30. Termite nests

31. Termite nests
Heat Regulation
Path of sun
General orientation of nest

32. Termite nests
Heat Regulation
Inhabited
Uninhabited

33. Termite Damage

34. Termite range