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Today  Updates: Kenya and Chad  Simulation: your country assignments  The Cold War, 1948-1989/91 Causes of the Cold War  Cuban Missile Crisis  The.

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Presentation on theme: "Today  Updates: Kenya and Chad  Simulation: your country assignments  The Cold War, 1948-1989/91 Causes of the Cold War  Cuban Missile Crisis  The."— Presentation transcript:

1 Today  Updates: Kenya and Chad  Simulation: your country assignments  The Cold War, 1948-1989/91 Causes of the Cold War  Cuban Missile Crisis  The Victims of the Cold War: Africa, Asia, Latin America End of Cold War

2 Levels of analysis Where causes are found:  International level of analysis – third image  Domestic level of analysis – second image  Individual level of analysis – first image

3 Realism Neorealism or defensive realism  International level/third image Anarchy as a structure of international politics Power as a means to security Classical realism or offensive realism  Individual level/first image Human nature Power as an end in itself

4 Liberal Institutionalism Institutionalism  International level/third image Interdependence Liberalism  Domestic level/second image Business and other interest groups

5 Identity/Idealism Identity perspective  Focuses on how identities shape global politics Idealism  Role of ideas and norms Constructivism  Focuses on how actors perceive of their environment Transnationalism  Role of NGOs/across all levels of analysis

6 Keenan’s ‘long telegram’ Six points (written in 1946, Nau, p. 118/9) Soviet Union was confrontational. Insecurity drives Soviet aggression and expansion. Soviet Union will expand its power globally. Soviet Union will seek allies abroad. US must contain Soviet expansion. Victory will depend on improving U.S. society (civil rights), not on spreading our democratic ideas. Which theory is closest to Keenan’s view?

7 What caused the Cold War ? RealismLiberal Institutionalism Idealism/ Identity International level Power vacuum after WWII; nuclear weapons and MAD cause repeated crises to test credibility (e.g, Cuban Missile Crisis) Weak global institutions: blockage in the United Nations; failure to integrate economically Cultural and ideological differences: both systems claimed global dominance; identities created enemies, not just rivals; Domestic level Incompatible economic systems; lack of trade (Marshall Plan limited to WE) US and Soviet Union both projected values abroad; Individual level Stalin

8 Realist account of the Cold War Structural explanation (systemic/third/international level of analysis)  The power vacuum in Europe after WWII created a security dilemma and forced both nations to enter an arms race. Classical/offensive realism (Nau, p. 121):  Communism as a global ideology  Capitalism as a global ideology

9 Adding nuclear weapons MAD – Mutually Assured Destruction The Cuban Missile Crisis  Soviet Union: Cuba as the equivalent of Western Europe (close to the enemy territory)  Soviet Union: Trading Berlin for Cuba  Nuclear weapons transform world politics by focusing attention on credibility, rather than ability. Risk of total destruction increases. Why the crisis ended  Realism: because the US threatened credibly with total destruction.  Liberal institutionalism: trade of interests (Turkey)  Identity/Idealism: pure luck that both sides came to their senses

10 Why did the Cold War end (peacefully) ? RealismLiberal Institutionalism Idealism/ Identity International level Military and economic collapse of the Soviet Union; US military victory without a ‘hot’ war Détente; economic cooperation across the divide (CSCE, disarmament. Helsinki Accords 1975) Cultural convergence; ideas of human rights and freedom “win”; socialization Domestic level 1980s: Ronald Reagan lead the U.S. into second Cold War Economic crisis in Soviet bloc; attractiveness of trade with capitalist nations Strengthening of political dissidents; Soviet ideology weakens Individual level Gorbachev factor, glasnost and perestroika; cultural exchanges;

11 Adding Identity World politics is not just about material capabilities, rational interest calculation, and economic interdependence.  A struggle for the values of common humanity Common human survival in the face of nuclear destruction Fundamental struggle between capitalism and socialism What ended the Cold War?  Emerging common framework of understanding  Gorbachev factor: shift in ideologies


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