1. European Rivalries continue Franco British Rivalry – 1898 tensions culminate in Fachoda, Sudan French captain Marchand and British Kitchener French capitulate to the British Franco German Rivalry – 1911 France and Germany vie over Marocco France gains domination in exchange for territory in West Africa

2. European Missionaries in Africa

3. The White Man’s Burden Social Darwinism: the natural domination of colonized races Europeans racially superior to the people of Africa, India and Asia Belief that Europeans have moral obligation to civilize the people of colonies as best they can Forced assimilation, Christianity “teach” work ethic through grueling labour

6. The White Man’s Burden Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye breed Go bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child. Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain To seek another's profit, And work another's gain. Take up the White Man's burden, The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest The end for others sought, Watch sloth and heathen Folly Bring all your hopes to nought. Take up the White Man's burden, No tawdry rule of kings, But toil of serf and sweeper, The tale of common things. The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread, Go mark them with your living, And mark them with your dead. Take up the White Man's burden And reap his old reward: The blame of those ye better, The hate of those ye guard-- The cry of hosts ye humour (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-- "Why brought he us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?" Take up the White Man's burden, Ye dare not stoop to less-- Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloke your weariness; By all ye cry or whisper, By all ye leave or do, The silent, sullen peoples Shall weigh your gods and you. Take up the White Man's burden, Have done with childish days-- The lightly proferred laurel, The easy, ungrudged praise. Comes now, to search your manhood, through all the thankless years Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers! Rudyard Kipling, 1899 1.How does Kipling’s poem portray colonized peoples? 2.What benefits of taking up the White Man’s burden are mentioned?

7. Great Colonial Empires in 1914 2 Great imperial powers – The United Kingdom 33 million km² 450 million inhabitants African colonies + India, Birma, Singapor – France 10 million km² 48 million inhabitants African colonies + New Caledonia /Indochina

8. Domination in various forms Direct Rule – French Colonial possessions ruled by a French representative – Colonized people very little involved in colonial administration – French population Minority Holds most power

9. Algeria Settlement Colony French and Algerians unequal rights Indigenous Code – Separate penal code for natives Effective segregation (e.g. town planning)

10. Criticism of Imperialism Majority of Europeans supported Imperialism Seen as way to build strong nations at home Flex muscle of national superiority Critics voiced dissatisfaction with process J.A. Hobson British socialist economist – Imperialism result of unregulated capitalism – Colonies not beneficial in the long run – Diverted resources away from domestic issues

11. More Criticism of Imperialism Anti-Imperialism Literature – Joseph Conrad – “Heart of Darkness” Exposed torture and crimes against Africans – Edward Morel – “Black Man’s Burden” International Socialists pinned imperialism as the final stage of capitalism Social critics pointed to hypocrisy of expanding rights and voting at home while denying freedoms abroad

12. Native Responses to Imperialism Violent Uprisings against colonizers Almost always ended poorly for natives Superior weapons and training for West Traditionalists – rejected Western ways Modernists – adapted to West Most Asians and Africans eventually conformed

13. Native Responses to Imperialism Maji Maji Rebellion in German East Africa (modern Tanzinia) 1905-1907

14. Herero Uprising in Namibia 1907

15. Assimilated Modernists’ Reaction Indigenous nationalism – Modern native elites educated in Europe expect treatment of liberty and equality as taught in Western education Leopold Sedar Senghor from Senegal Develops idea of Negritude – pride in African identity – Colonization challenged by communist propaganda Ho Chi Minh from Indochina

16. First Cracks in the Empire 1920-1930 after WWI – Colonized peoples participate in war effort, expect recognition for their sacrifices Nationalist movements gain ground – Population becomes pro-independent – Politically more structured – Most active in India, Indochina, North Africa, Syria and Lebanon

17. Video: Colonialism in 10 minutes, The Scramble for Africa

18. British India

19. From Trading Post to Colony British East India Company had trading rights during Mughal Empire Mughal Empire collapsed in 1757, BEIC took control with Sepoy force Sepoy Mutiny (Great Rebellion) in 1857 - warning to British government Queen Victoria’s government took direct control of the Raj in 1857

20. Sepoy Mutiny 1857

21. British India Upper class Indian bureaucracy given some local power – indirect rule (but British made decisions and passed laws, not Indians) Began to become a louder voice for self-rule Indian National Congress established in 1885 began to push the issue with surging Indian nationalism New identity in some ways created by British presence

22. 1 st Indian National Congress 1885

23. Mohandas Gandhi Indian middle class background Sollicitor trained in London Head of National Indian Party from 1920 Non-violent protest based on civil disobedience – Boycotts elections – Boycotts British products, schools, courts – Refuses to pay taxes

24. Gandhi and Salt March 1930 protesting British monopoly of salt

25. Steps to India’s Independence pre WWII London signs the India Act 1935 – Gives form of political autonomy 1942 Congress Party launches “Quit India” campaign – Leaders arrested – Massive violence erupts

26. Steps to India’s Independence post WWII Postwar period, negotiations resume – UK accepts principle of independence – Wants guarantees that country will remain unified and minority (Muslims) rights protected Bloodbath between Hindus and Muslims – 1946 Great Killing of Calcutta

27. Steps to India’s Independence post WWII British grant full independence 1947 with partition – Territory divided into 2 nations: India and Pakistan – Extreme violence between communities (300 – 500 thousand deaths, 10-15 million people migrate Gandhi assasinated by Hindu extremist in 1948

28. Great partition of India and Pakistan 1947

29. Jawharlal Nehru 1929 becomes president of Congress Party Fights for total Indian independence Becomes Prime Minister of India until his death in 1964

30. Video: Partition of India

31. Homework The Unfinished Nation by Alan Brinkley Chapter 20 The Imperial Republic, pp 534-554 Mastering Modern World History by Norman Lowe Chapter 24 The End of the European Empires, pp. 509-541 The World Since 1914, by Joe Scott, Part 8, “The End of Empire” (6 pages)