1. Chapter 11 Digestive System
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2. Chapter 11
Lesson 11.1
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11-2

3. Objectives Identify organs and structures of the digestive system.
Define and spell the word parts related to the digestive system.
Define, pronounce and spell disease and disorder terms related to the digestive system.
Define, pronounce and spell surgical terms related to the digestive system.
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4. Function of the Digestive System
with the help of accessory organs, prepares ingested food for use by body cells through physical and chemical digestion and eliminates the solid waste products from the body.
What differentiates digestive organs from accessory organs?
Explain their respective roles in the digestive process.
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5. Organs of the Digestive System
The digestive system is also known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract.
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6. Organs of the Digestive Tract
mouth: opening through which food passes into the body
palate (soft): posterior portion (not supported by bone)
palate (hard): anterior portion (supported by bone)
uvula: soft V-shaped mass that hangs from the soft palate; directs food into the throat
Discuss the roles of these digestive tract organs.
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7. Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d.)
tongue: attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech
pharynx (throat): performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth to the esophagus.
Discuss the roles of these digestive tract organs.
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8. Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d.)
esophagus: 10-inch tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
stomach: J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food container for food
fundus: uppermost domed portion of the stomach
body: central portion of the stomach
pylorus: lower part of the stomach that connects to the small intestine
antrum: lower portion of the stomach
Discuss the roles of these digestive tract organs.
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9. Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d.)
stomach (cont’d.)
pyloric sphincter: ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and duodenum
small intestine: 20-foot canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine
duodenum: 1st 10 to 12 inches of small intestine
jejunum: 2nd portion; approx. 8 feet
ileum: 3rd portion; approx. 11 feet, connects with large intestine
Discuss the roles of these digestive tract organs.
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10. Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d.)
large intestine: canal approx. 5 feet and extends from the ileum to the anus
cecum: blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
colon: next portion; divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid
rectum: last portion; approx. 8 to 10 inches long, extends from the sigmoid colon to the anus
anus: sphincter muscle that keeps an opening tight at the end of the digestive tract
Use a 3-D model to show students the four parts of the colon (ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid) and to make the relationship among the parts more visual.
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11. Anatomy of the Large Intestine
If available, have students examine a 3-D model of a large intestine in class to make the relationship among the parts more visual.
Point out the appendix, cecum, ascending colon, terminal ileum, hepatic flexure, transverse colon, splenic flexure, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal.
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12. Accessory Organs
salivary glands: produce saliva, which flows into the mouth to begin the digestion process
liver: produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats
bile ducts: passageways that carry bile; hepatic duct is passageway for bile from liver, and the cystic duct carries bile from the gallbladder; they join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum
Describe the roles of these organs in the digestive process.
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13. Accessory Organs (cont’d.)
gallbladder: small, saclike structure that stores bile
pancreas: produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism
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14. Other Structures
peritoneum: serous sac lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
appendix: small pouch, which has no known function, attached to the cecum
abdomen: portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis
Identify the relationship of these structures to the anatomy of the digestive system.
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15. Clicker Question In choledocholithiasis, which is the word root
that means stone?
doch
lith
chol
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16. Combining Forms of the Digestive Tract
an/o
antr/o
cec/o
col/o, colon/o
duoden/o
enter/o
esophag/o
Discuss the meanings of these combining forms and the anatomical structures to which they refer.
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17. Combining Forms of the Digestive Tract (cont’d.)
gastr/o
ile/o
jejun/o
or/o, stomat/o
proct/o, rect/o
sigmoid/o
Discuss the meanings of these combining forms and the anatomical structures to which they refer.
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18. abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o appendic/o cheil/o cholangi/o chol/e
Combining Forms of the Accessory Organs/Combining Forms Commonly Used with Digestive System Terms
abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o
appendic/o
cheil/o
cholangi/o
chol/e
choledoch/o
Discuss the meanings of these combining forms and the anatomical structures to which they refer.
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19. Combining Forms of the Accessory Organs/Combining Forms Commonly Used with Digestive System Terms (cont’d.)
diverticul/o
gingiv/o
gloss/o, lingu/o
hepat/o
herni/o
palat/o
pancreat/o
peritone/o
polyp/o
pylor/o
sial/o
steat/o
uvul/o
Discuss the meanings of these combining forms and the anatomical structures to which they refer.
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20. Diverticulum of the Large Intestine
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21. Prefix and Suffix Prefix Suffix hemi- -pepsia
Common prefix and suffix used in language related to the digestive system:
hemi- = half
-pepsia = digestion
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22. Types of Hernias A B C A, hiatal; B, inguinal; C, umbilical.
Types of hernias (“rupture” in layman’s terms) include abdominal, hiatal, inguinal, and umbilical.
Discuss the three types of hernias on the slide. A B C
A, hiatal; B, inguinal; C, umbilical.
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23. Polyps
Polyp is a general term used to describe a protruding growth from a mucous membrane.
Polyps are commonly found in the nose, uterus, intestines, and bladder.
Polyposis is an abnormal condition characterized by the occurrence of multiple polyps that are highly likely to be malignant.
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24. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts
appendicitis
cholangioma
cholecystitis
choledocholithiasis
cholelithiasis
diverticulitis
diverticulosis
esophagitis
gastritis
gastroenteritis
gastroenterocolitis
gingivitis
Learn the definitions and spellings of these terms.
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25. cholelithiasis choledocholithiasis
Learn the definitions and spellings of these terms.
Chol/e/lith/iasis
Choledoch/o/lith/iasis
choledocholithiasis
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26. Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
hepatitis
hepatoma
palatitis
pancreatitis
peritonitis
polyposis
proctoptosis
rectocele
sialolith
steatohepatitis
uvulitis
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27. Clicker Question Which is inflammation of a structure of the mouth?
proctoptosis
uvulitis
esophagitis
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28. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts
adhesion
anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
cirrhosis
Crohn disease
duodenal ulcer
gastric ulcer
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is estimated to be the most common gastrointestinal disorder. The acidity of the regurgitated stomach contents causes irritation and inflammation of the esophagus (reflux esophagitis).
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29. Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
intussusception
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
obesity
peptic ulcer
polyp
ulcerative colitis
volvulus
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30. Peptic Ulcer Sites
A peptic ulcer is another name for a gastric or duodenal ulcer.
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31. Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts
abdominoplasty
anoplasty
antrectomy
appendicectomy
celiotomy
cheilorrhaphy
cholecystectomy
choledocholithotomy
colectomy
colostomy
diverticulectomy
enterorrhaphy
esophagogastroplasty
gastrectomy
gastrojejunostomy
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32. Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
gastroplasty
gastrostomy
gingivectomy
glossorrhaphy
hemicolectomy
herniorrhaphy
ileostomy
laparotomy
palatoplasty
polypectomy
pyloromyotomy
pyloroplasty
uvulectomy
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP)
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33. PEG
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is an alternative to traditional gastrostomy. An endoscope is used to place a tube in the stomach. Cost and discomfort are usually reduced when PEG is used.
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34. ileostomy
colostomy
This slide depicts an ileostomy (left) and a colostomy (right).
A colostomy is the creation of an artificial mouth-like opening, called a stoma, into the colon through the abdominal wall.
It may be permanent or temporary and is performed to enable the passage of stool and to treat bowel obstruction, cancer, or diverticulitis.
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35. Colonoscopy and Polypectomy
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36. Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts
abdominoperineal resection (A & P resection)
anastomosis
bariatric surgery
hemorrhoidectomy
vagotomy
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37. Clicker Question Which term refers to the creation of an artificial
opening?
anastomosis
colostomy
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38. Chapter 11
Lesson 11.2
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39. Objectives
Define, pronounce and spell diagnostic terms related to the digestive system.
Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to the digestive system.
Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to the digestive system.
Interpret, read and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents.
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40. Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts
Diagnostic imaging
cholangiogram
cholangiography
cholecystogram
CT colonography
esophagogram
Computerized tomography (CT) colonography, also called virtual colonoscopy, is a new method to test for colon cancer and is less invasive than the conventional method of colonoscopy.
The physician uses a CT scanner and computer software to see the colon in multiple dimensions.
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41. Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
Endoscopy
colonoscope
colonoscopy
endoscope
endoscopy
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
esophagoscope
esophagoscopy
gastroscope
gastroscopy
laparoscope
laparoscopy
proctoscope
proctoscopy
sigmoidoscope
sigmoidoscopy
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42. Endoscopic views obtained at colonoscopy
Endoscopic veiws obtained at colonoscopy.
A. Normal colon B. diverticulosis C. colon polyp D. colon cancer
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43. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts
Diagnostic imaging
abdominal ultrasonography
barium enema (BE)
upper GI (gastrointestinal)
Endoscopy
endoscopic retrograde
cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
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44. ERCP
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is used to diagnose biliary and pancreatic pathologic conditions.
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45. Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
Laboratory
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies test
fecal occult blood test (FOBT)
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46. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts
abdominal
abdominocentesis
anal
aphagia
colorectal
dyspepsia
dysphagia
gastrodynia
gastroenterologist
gastroenterology
gastromalacia
glossopathy
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47. Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.)
ileocecal
nasogastric
oral
pancreatic
peritoneal
proctologist
proctology
rectal
steatorrhea
steatosis
stomatogastric
sublingual
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48. Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts
ascites
diarrhea
dysentery
emesis
fetes
flatus
gastric lavage
gavage
hematemesis
hematochezia
melena
nausea
peristalsis
reflux
stoma
vomiting
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49. Clicker Question Emesis is synonymous with vomiting. True False
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50. Abbreviations A & P resection GI BE H. pylori EGD IBS ERCP N & V EUS
FOBT
GERD GI
H. pylori
IBS
N & V
PEG
UGI
UPPP
Identify the terms to which the abbreviations refer.
Helicobacter pylori
irritable bowel syndrome
esophagogastroduodenoscopy
endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
gastroesophageal reflux disease
uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
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51. Radiology Report
ENCOUNTER DATE: 2/17/20XX EXAMINATION: Abdominal Ultrasound
HISTORY: Nausea, fatigue, and jaundice.
FINDINGS: Multiple scans of the upper abdomen show no focal hepatic
lesions. There are numerous small shadowing calculi within the gallbladder.
The gallbladder wall is not thickened and there is no pericholecystic fluid
collection. The common bile duct is normal in caliber, measuring 4 mm in
maximum diameter. No calculi are seen within the common bile duct. The
spleen is not enlarged. No focal abnormality is identified within the
pancreas.
IMPRESSION: Cholelithiasis. No associated biliary dilatation. The upper
abdominal sonogram is otherwise normal.
Electronically signed by: Jose Garza, MD 2/17/20XX 11:24 AM
JG/bab
This is an example of how medical terms are used in a medical report.
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